San We Sp iy
Department of the Buferior:
- U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
7
e~
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. |
| No. 2S. | | A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
BY
W. G. BINNEY:
=m > ~<a | Sa : WASHINGTON: oe, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. |
1885.
Department of fhe DBnferior:
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
—— Serial Number 38 ——
fe Ueber
No. 28
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1885.
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work (Bulletin No. 28) is the thirty-eighth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846,
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
The publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the Bulletins, of which this is No. 28, in continuous series, and the Proceed- ings, of which the seventh volume is now in press.
The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, each issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis- tributed to libraries promptly after its publication.
From time to time the publications of the Museum which have been issued separately are combined together, and issued as volumes of the Miscellaneous Collections. These are struck off from the stereo- type plates from which the first edition was printed, and in this form are distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to libraries and scientific societies throughout the world. Volume 13 of these collections includes Bulletins 1 to 10 inclusive ; volume 19, volumes 1 and 2 of the Proceed-
ings; volume 22, volumes 3 and 4 of the Proceedings ; and volume 23, Bulletins 11 to 15 inclusive.
Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the eur-
rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution. SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, October 1, 1884. 2
ee VE aN Aa
OF
AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
BY
Ve Gees ok INO INGE We
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1885.
PREFACE.
The following pages form an enlarged and revised edition of ‘‘ The Land and Freshwater Shells of North America, Part I,” published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1869. Subsequently-described species are added. Fuller attention is given in separate chapters to the sub- jects of geographical distribution, organs of generation, jaw and lingual dentition, and classification. In the descriptive portion of the work the species are grouped geographically rather than systematically, an ar- rangement which at first seems awkward to our confirmed habits, but which, on consideration, is justified by the fact that the political di- visions of the continent do not agree with the limits of all the various pulmonate faunas.
In the earlier work referred to above, I obtained permission to add the name of my friend Mr. Thomas Bland as co-author, so intimately had we been associated in its preparation. It now becomes my painful duty to announce his death on August 20, 1885, and to regret the loss in my future studies of the assistance received from his absence of prejudice, his extended experience, general scientific training, and
philosophic mind. W. G. BINNEY.
BURLINGTON, N. J., October, 1885.
CONTENTS.
Page.
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AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
IL—HABITS AND PROPERTIES.
The snails live mostly in the forest, sheltered under the trunks of fallen trees, layers of decaying leaves, stones, or in the soil itself. In these situations they pass the greater part of their lives. In the early days of spring, they sometimes assemble in considerable numbers, in warm and sunny situations, where they pass hours in indolent enjoy- ment of the warmth and animating influence of the sunshine. Whether these meetings serve any useful purpose in the economy of the animal, or are caused by the pleasurable sensation and renewed strength de- rived from the warmth of the situation after the debility of their win- ter’s torpidity, is uncertain; it is probable, however, that they precede the business of procreation. It is certain that they last but a short time, and that after early spring, the animals are to be found in their usual retreats.
In the course of the months of May or June, earlier or later, according to the locality and as the season is more or less warm, they begin to lay their eggs.* These are deposited, to the number of from thirty to fifty and even more, in the moist and light mould, sheltered from the sun’s rays by leaves, or at the side of logs and stones, without any order, and slightly agglutinated together. The depth of the deposit is usually meas- ured by the extreme length of the animal, which thrusts its head and body into the soil to the utmost extent, while the shell remains at the surface; but sometimes the animal burrows three or four inches deep before making the deposit, in order to insure a sufticiently moist posi- tion. Three-or four such deposits, and sometimes more, are made by one animal during the summerand autumn. When the deposit is com- plete it is abandoned by the animal. The eggs vary in size according to the magnitude of the species producing them. They are nearly glob- ular, one axis being somewhat longer than the other, white and opaque. They consist, in general, of an external, semicalcareous, elastic mem-
* A few species are viviparous.
10 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
brane investing the whole, the interior surface of which is usually stud- ded with numerous rhombic, microscopic crystals of carbonate of lime, some species, however, having a hard enveloping calcareous shell, of the consistence of that of a bird’s egg; of an inner thin, transparent, shin- ing membrane which immediately incloses a transparent and somewhat viscid fluid, analogous to the albumen of birds’ eggs; of the albumen itself, and of the vitellus, which, possessing the same degree of trans- parency as the albumen, cannot be distinguished from it at this time. The elastic eggs when first laid are often flaccid, and seemingly only half full of fluid, but they soon absorb moisture and become distended. The embryo animal, with its shell, is observable in the albuminous fluid in a few days after the egg is laid. Its exclusion takes place, under ordinary circumstances, in from twenty to thirty days, according to the state of the atmosphere. Warmth and humidity hasten the process, while cold and dryness retard it to an almost indefinite extent. The hatching of eggs laid late in the autumn is often interrupted by the ap- proach of cold weather and of snow, and delayed until the next spring.
The young animal gnaws its way out of the egg, and makes its first repast, of the shell which it has just left. It consists at first of about one and a half whorls, the umbilicus being minute, but open. Its growth is rapid, and it has usually increased in magnitude three or four times before the close of the first year.
In the month of October, or at the epoch of the first frost, the snail ceases to feed, becomes inactive, and fixes itself to the under surface of the substance by which it is sheltered, or partially burrows in the soil, and with the aperture of the shell upward, disposes itself for its annual sleep or hibernation. Withdrawing into the shell, it forms over the aperture a membranons covering, consisting of a thin, semi-trans- parent mixture of lime, mucus or gelatine, secreted from the collar of the animal. This membrane is called the epiphragm. It is formed in this manner: The animal being withdrawn into the shell, the collar is brought to a level with the aperture, and a quantity of mucus is poured out from it and covers it. A small quantity of air is then emitted from the respiratory foramen, which detaches the mucus from the surface of the collar, and projects it in a convex form, like a bubble. At the same moment, the animal retreats farther into the shell, leaving a vacuum between itself and the membrane, which is consequently pressed back by the external air to a level with the aperture, or even farther, so as to form a concave surface, where, having become desiccated and hard,
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. Th
it remains fixed. These operations are nearly simultaneous, and occupy but an instant. As the weather becomes colder the animal retires farther into the shell, and makes another septum, and so on, until there are sometimes as many as six of these partitions. The circulation becomes slow, the pulsations of the heart, which in the season of activ- ity vary from forty to sixty in a minute, according to the temperature - of the air, decrease in frequency and strength, until they at length be- come imperceptible. The other functions of the body cease, and a state of torpidity succeeds, which is interrupted only by the reviving heat of the next spring’s sun. During the months of April or May, or on the accession of the first warm weather of the season, the animal breaks down and devours the membraneous partitions and comes forth to participate in the warmth and freshness of the season. At first it is weak and inactive, but, recovering in a short time its appetite, re- sumes its former activity.
The season of hibernation continues from four to six months. The final cause of this extraordinary condition is undoubtedly to enable the animal to resist successfully the extreme reduction of temperature, and to survive through the long period when it must, in northern climates at least, be entirely destitute of its usual food. With a view to the first purpose, a place of shelter is provided, and the aperture of the shell is hermetically sealed by the epiphragm or the hibernaculum; for the second, the state of torpor is adopted, during which the functions of digestion, respiration, and circulation being suspended, and all the se- eretions and excretions having ceased, there is no drain upon the strength and vitality of the animal, and no exhaustion of its forces. Hence it comes forth, at the end of the period, in much the same con- dition in which it commenced it, and resumes almost immediately its usual functions and habits. So entire is the cessation of the function of respiration that the air contained between the epiphragm and the animal is found to be unchanged. The circulation, however, may be partially restored by a small degree of heat, the warmth of the hand being sufficient to stimulate the heart to action.
In the portions of the country subject to long periods of drought the same process is resorted to as a defense against want of moisture. In this case the epiphragm is much thicker. In the genus Binneya it is still more developed, in order to protect the parts of the animal incapa- ble of being drawn within the small shell.
The snails pass the greater part of their lives under dead leaves and logs, under stones, or burrowing in the ground. They seldom come
12 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
from their lurking places while the sun shines, and indeed are never seen ranging in the daytime unless the day be damp and dark. Should they then be surprised by the appearance of the sun, they immediately take shelter from its rays under some cover or on the shaded side of the trunks of trees.
Their natural food is vegetable, and the formation of the mouth and the organs with which it is armed seems to be peculiarly well adapted for cutting fruits and the succulent leaves of plants. The cutting-edge of the jaw being applied against the substance to be eaten, the semi- lunar rough instrument, which Spallanzani calls the tongue,* is brought up against it, cutting out and carrying into the mouth semicircular portions of nutriment. This operation is carried on with great rapidity, and the substance to be eaten soon disappears. It is certain, however, that some species are also fond of animal food, and sometimes prey upon earth-worms, their own eggs, and even upon each other; but the slowness of their motions and their consequent inability to pursue prey, forbids the idea of their being dependent on animal food. They, in their turn, become the prey of various birds and reptiles; and it is no uncommon thing to observe, in the forest, clusters of broken shells lying on logs or stones which have been chosen by birds as convenient places for breaking the shell and extracting the animal.
The snails of the United States are for the most part solitary in their habits, differing very much, in this respect, from the snails of Kurope. It is true that in localities favorable for their residence they may be col- lected in considerable numbers; and especially is this the case in the States north of the Ohio River. But even there they seem to live inde- pendently of each other, and not to unite into herds or communities. There are occasioual exceptions, however, as in the case of Patula alter- nata, very large numbers of which have been observed collected into a small space, especially in winter, as if for the purpose of imparting warmth to each other. The few species of European snails which have been introduced retain their native habits. Tachea hortensis, for in- stance, which has been transplanted to some of the small islands in the vicinity of Cape Ann, is found there in countless numbers, literally covering the soil and shrubs. It is worthy of notice also that each island is inhabited by a variety peculiar to itself, showing that the variety which happened to be introduced there has propagated itself, without a tendency to run into other variations. Thus, on one islet is
* This organ is called the ‘‘lingnal membrane” in the text. By others it is called the ‘‘radula.”’
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 13
found the yellowish-green unicolored variety, once described as Helix subglobosa; and on another, within a very short distance, we find a banded variety, and none others.
In regard to colors, our snails are quite plain and exceedingly uni- form; in this respect also differing essentially from the species of the Old World. They vary from yellowish-green through horn color to chestnut, most of them being simply horn-colored. This is perhaps owing to the fact that our species do not infest our gardens and open fields, but are generally confined to forests, sheltered under logs and stones, and are rarely seen abroad except during twilight or on damp and dark days; indeed, they almost entirely disappear as the forests are cut down, and seem to flee the approach of man. The European species, on the other hand, follow in the track of cultivation, and are common in gardens and fields, on walls and hedges, and other places exposed to the action of light. With the exception of Patula alter- nata and Hemitrochus varians, Liguus fasciatus, &e., there is scarcely a species having bands or variegated colors inhabiting eastern North America; and even there these latter species can scarcely be regarded as an exception, as they are only to be found at the southern part of Florida, and are more properly West India shells. In Texas and be- yond the Rocky Mountains in Oregon and California, many of the species have one or more bands.
Another peculiarity of the American snails is the tooth-like append- ages with which the aperture of a large proportion of them is armed, and which are characteristic of the group designated by Férussac under the name of Helicodonta. More than one-half of the whole number, and more than three-fourths of those with reflected lips, are thus provided. In some species these appendages assume the form of folds rather than teeth; and in others we have simple threads or lamine revolving within the aperture in the course of the spire. They are not formed until the shell has attained its full growth.
The genera not furnished with an external shell were grouped into one family of Limacide by Binney, who thus describes their habits: They are more especially nocturnal than the other families of the order, and they are so rarely visible in the daytime that thousands may be near without being known. The injury which they commit in kitchen- gardens, for this reason, is often vaguely ascribed to worms or to birds, and no measures are taken against the real culprits. Their habits, in general, coincide with those which have been described as distinguish-
\
14 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
ing the shell-bearing species, and I shall therefore mention here only those which are peculiar to them. They differ from the other families in not possessing the faculty of hibernation, or suspension of their or- ganic functions during the cold season. In temperate latitudes the snails hibernate, under all circumstances, on the approach of cold weather; the slugs, on the contrary, having the power of resisting ex- treme cold, continue in their usual haunts until severe frosts set in, when they retire into the earth and other sheltered retreats. Here they remain in a state of inaction and partial torpidity; the functions of the body, however, still going on, though slowly and with diminished force. A slight increase of heat arouses them and stimulates their organs to renewed action, and they accordingly often come abroad in mild weather even during the winter. Those which inhabit cellars and other pro- tected situations are in motion throughout the year; and individuals of all the genera and species which I have kept in confinement have continued active, fed freely, and increased in size as much in the coldest months as in the summer. All the species which have yet come under my notice possess the power of suspending themselves in the air by a gelatinous thread. This reed: they effect by accumulating a quantity of tenacious mucus at the posterior extrem- ity of the foot, which they attach to the object from which they are to commence their descent; then, loosing their own hold, they hang suspended by this point. Con- tinuing the secretion, their own weight attenuates the mucous attachment and draws it out into a thread. As this dries and hardens, a fresh supply is afforded, the thread is lengthened, and the animal lets itself down any desirable distance. At this time, also, the margin of the foot
Limaz campestris, suspended. pours out mucus freely, and during the whole operation the locomotive disk is in active undulatory motion, in the same manner as when in ordinary progression. It appears in this way to guide and force towards the extremity the mucus which is se- ereted on its surface, and which, collected at its extreme point, forms the thread. The slug often pauses in its descent, and extends its eye-pe-
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 15
duncles and its whole body ip various directions, as if seeking some object on which to make a lodgment. The faculty of suspending them- selves in this manner indicates that they pass some part of their lives on trees, from which they can thus make a convenient descent to the earth; there are some species, indeed, which are stated to inhabit trees almost exclusively. It may serve also as a means by which they can suddenly escape from the attacks of their enemies, and particularly of birds. 1t is mostly, however, when they are young, or at least not grown to their full size, that they enjoy this power. Those which have attained their extreme dimensions and weight are too heavy to trust themselves to so frail a support. They have no power to elevate them- selves again, and in this respect are inferior to the spiders, which can both lower and raise themselves by the aid of the secreted thread. Like the spiders, however, they often remain suspended in mid-air for a time, and it is not unlikely that there is some pleasurable sensation connected with the act, which induces them thus to prolong it. Dr. Binney states that he had seen the descent actually practiced by every one of our Atlantic species.
Besides the watery fluid which at all times lubricates the integuments, the animals can, at their will, secrete at any point, or over the whole surface of their bodies, a more viscid and tenacious mucus than is usually exuded. This power is used as a means of defense. When- ever a foreign substance touches them, immediately a quantity of this mucus, of the consistence of milk and nearly of the same color, is poured out and forms a kind of membrane interposed between themselves and the irritating substance. So, also, when they are surrounded by a cor- rosive gas, or are thrown into water or alcohol, they form over them- selves in this way a thick protecting covering, which is undoubtedly a non-conductor of heat and impervious, at least for a time, to liquids. Shielded by this coating, they can live the greater part of a day im- mersed in water, and for a shorter time in alcohol; and M. Férussac asserts that they have survived for hours in boiling water. They leave a trace of their usual secretion on every object over which they pass, and thus can easily be traced to their retreats. The ordinary secretion is most abundant at their posterior extremity. The secretion of the mucous fluid over their surface is necessary to their existence. Death immediately follows the failure of this power, and is preceded by the drying up of the skin.
16 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,
All the species are extremely voracious, and devour an incredible quantity of food in a short time. Those found in this country are gen- erally supposed to be vegetable feeders, but nearly all of them subsist occasionally upon dead animal matter, of which they seem to be fond, and when in confinement sometimes attack and devour each other; and the foreign genus Testacella, is known to prey habitually upon earth- worms. It is probable, therefore, that in their natural condition all of them at times resort to animal food and devour earth-worms, insects and their larve, and such other animals as, inhabiting the same retreats, are like themselves slow of motion and defenseless. It is certain, how- ever, that the principal food of those species which frequent the neigh- borhood of houses and gardens consists of the tender leaves of succu- lent plants and of ripe fruits. Upon these, in Europe, they perpetrate serious ravages, often destroying in a night the labors and hopes of the gardener, and in some years committing so much injury and interfering to such a degree with the prosperity of the agriculturist that they are ranked among the scourges of the country. Like caterpillars, locusts, and rats, they are considered to be perpetual enemies, and a war of ex- termination is carried on against them. To limit the extent of the evil, many remedies have been proposed, and among others the prayers and exorcisms of the Church have been claimed, but without any consider- able abatement of it. Happily, we are not in this country subject, in the same degree, to the mischief done by these animals, for their excess- ive increase is kept in check, probably, by the vicissitudes of the celi- mate; but it may be useful to know that a border of ashes, sand, or saw- dust, laid around the bed containing the plants it is desired to protect, will prove an impassable barrier to the slugs, so long as these substances remain dry. When the slugs attempt to pass the barrier, they become entangled in the dry ashes or sand, which envelopes them entirely. The particles of these adhere to the viscid surface of the animals, which, in vain endeavoring to disengage themselves from them by secreting new mucus, at length become exhausted and die.
Their growth is remarkably rapid. The young have been known to double their size and weight in a week. The earliest hatched young of the season generally attain their full maturity before the end of the first year, although they may afterwards increase somewhat in bulk. Those which leave the egg at a later period, mature during the second year. Individuals kept in confinement and fully fed, reach a much greater size than when in their natural condition.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 17
They possess, in a remarkable degree, the power of elongation and contraction of the body. When fully extended it is long, narrow, more or less cylindrical, and generally terminating in a sharp point. The carina of the carinated species disappears. The head is protruded far beyond the mouths the eye-peduncles are long, slender, and graceful. The mantle is changed from an oval to an elongated form, with parallel sides and rounded ends. The glands are lengthened, lose their promi- nence, and appear nearly smooth. But when alarmed by the touch of a foreign substance, an instant change occurs, and a sudden contraction takes place. The eye-peduncles and tentacles are retracted and the head is drawn under the mantle. The anterior edge of the mantle is brought to the level of the foot, and its form becomes nearly circular. The body is shortened. to one-fourth of its former length, and tumid; the back is rounded and rises high in the center, and the skin is rough with prominent glandular protuberances. The carina, when it exists, becomes conspicuous. This is the form which they assume’in their re- treats when they retire to protect themselves from the effects of drought and cold. It differs so much from their form when in motion, that one not well acquainted with them would hardly recognize the same animal in its new shape. It is among the Limaces, perhaps, that the change is most striking and the difference of form between the extremes the greatest.
They commence reproducing their kind as early as the end of the first year, before they have .attained their full dimensions, and hence the eggs of the same species often vary considerably in size. These are deposited in a cluster of thirty, or thereabouts, in the soil and in other moist and protected situations ; or if the species be one that frequents houses, then in the crevices or corners of the walls or under the decay- ing planks of cellars. In general form and appearance they resemble the eggs of the shell-bearing genera, but differ from them in several im- portant particulars. The eggs of the snails are all opaque, while those of the slugs are more or less transparent, permitting in the Limaces a view of the cicatricula, and affording an opportunity of observing its devel- opments. Those of the former are all deposited free, or unconnected, except by a slight agglutination; those of the latter, in some of the spe- cies, are connected together by a prolongation of the outer membrane at their longer diameter, thus forming a sort of rosary. The deposits of
eggs, When made; are abandoned by the slug, which then removes to some 1749—Bull, 28——2
18 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
other convenient place. A considerable number of separate deposits are made during the year.
Il. —GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
I cannot too strongly urge, in extenuation of the tperiocion of this chapter, the meagerness of the data on which some of my views are founded. I may say with exact truth that the Coast Range counties of California, New England, and the States north of the Ohio River are the only ones which have been thoroughly searched. The species of the rest of the country are known only by the researches of few and widely separated resident naturalists, from the collectors sent by my father, and by collections made by my correspondents while traveling in vari- ous sections of the country. The last sources of information are re- stricted to purely accidental localities. There has been no systematic investigation of vast tracts of intervening country or of some very im- portant points.
The subject must be studied in connection with the chapter on the same subject in Vol. I of Terr. Moll. U.S., p.99. I need not add that from the proper sources the studentof distribution must have a thorough knowledge of the physical geography of North America.
The limits of the fauna at the South correspond quite accurately with the political limits of the United States. The Mexican fauna has lately been investigated by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse in the exhaustive work on ‘Les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles du Mexique et de ?Amé- rique Centrale.” The northern limit of the fauna is formed by climate alone. Thus our limits comprise all the continent of North America, from the extreme north to San Diego and the Rio Grande.
Properly speaking, there are two distinct faunas within these limits, the Pacific and Eastern, with perhaps a third in the Central Basin, but for convenience they are all treated as part of the North American fauna. I have therefore designated these as—
I.—The Pacific Province. IJ.—The Central Province. I1f.—The Eastern Province.*
*In the work of Wallace quoted below, North America is designated as the Nearctic region. The subdivisions proposed by him correspond almost exactly with my own. Thus his Californian and Rocky Mountain Subregion are identical with my Pacific and Central Provinces. His Canadian Subregion is about the’same as my North- ern Region of the Eastern Province. His Alleghany Subregion ineludes both my Interior and Southern Region of the Eastern Province.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 19
The boundaries of these provinces and the subdivisions which appeat to exist in them will be given below, as well as lists of their peculiar species. It must be distinctly understood, however, that future re- searches, especially at the South and Southwest, may greatly modify the views here presented.
I.—The Pacific Province* comprisesa narrow strip between the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its southern limit is San Diego, from whence it extends north- erly into Alaska.
Over the whole length of this province, confined, however, to the neighborhood of the coast, the following species range:
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis. Prophysaon Hemphilli. sportella. Succinea rusticana. Mesodon Columbianus. Oregonensis. germanus. Nuttalliana. Arionta tudiculata. Onchidella Carpenteri.
Ariolimax Columbianus.
Over the whole of this province we find also the following species -common to Eastern North America. They also extend over the whole northern portion of the continent where the mountains, by their lower altitude, are not barriers to distribution. It is, no doubt, from these regions that they have spread through the Pacific Province, and not westward over the Rocky Mountains. Had other Eastern species ex- tended over the boreal regions, we should, no doubt, have found them also spreading into the Pacific States. They are especially found along the Sierra Nevada.
Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris? indentatus. Patula striatella. minusculus. Helicodiscus lineatus. milium. Microphysa minutissima.
In the Pacific Province we also find several species common to the circumpolar regions of Asia, Europe, and America. They have like- wise spread southward along the Sierra Nevada and on either side of it. They have also spread southward over the Central and Eastern Prov-
* A most interesting account of this fauna is given by Dr. J. G. Cooper: “On the Distribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid Land Shells ” (Am. Journ. of Conch., II, p. 211, with a map),
20 : A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
inces, and now inhabit most, if not all, of North America. They are Zonites fulous and Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Other species will probably be added to this list ee further search; - among them Vallonia pulchella.
In dealing with the. species from the North in Eastern North America see below, p. 26) the question of their distribution will be more fully discussed.
In addition to the species already enumerated as common to the whole Pacific Province, there are many more restricted in theirrange. It ap- pears that the Pacific Province is divided into two regions, (4) the Ore- gonian and (b) Californian, the two intermingling slightly or overlapping in the extreme north of California, near Humboldt Bay. The faunas of these regions are nearly allied.
(a) The Oregon Region lies between the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, extending northerly through British Columbia into Alaska.
The following species are peculiar to it:
Macrocyclis Hemphilli. Arionta Townsendiana. Microphysa Lansing. Arion foliolatus ? Stearnsi. Hemphillia glandulosa. Mesodon devius. Succinea Hawkinsi. Aglaja fidelis. Onchidella borealis.
There seems to be here some overlapping of the Pacific and Central Provinces, as Arionta Townsendiana, Mesodon devius, and Macrocyelis Vancouverensis extend along the mountains southeasterly into Idaho and Montana. The former two become much dwarfed in size at their most eastern range.
(b) The Californian Region extends from Humboldt Bay toSan Diego, between the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The following are the species peculiar to it:
Macrocyclis Voyana. Limax Hewstoni. Durant. Binneya notabilis. Vitrina Pfeifferi. Ariolimax Californicus. Zonites Whitneyt. niger. conspectus. Hemphilli.
chersinellus, Andersoni.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 21
Arion? Andersoni. Gonostoma Yatesi. Triodopis loricata. Polygyra Harfordiana. Aglaja infumata. Hillebrandi. Arionta arrosa. exarata. Californiensis. Californiensis var. ra- mentosa. var. Nickliniana.
Arionta Mormonum. sequoicola.
- Traski. Dupetithouarsi. ruficincta. Gabbi.
Kelletti. Stearnsiana. Huparypha Tryon. Glyptostoma Newberryanum. Pupa Rowell. Californica.
Ayresiana. Succinea Sillimant. antercisa. Stretchiana. Diabloensis. Veronicella olivacea. Carpentert.
Of the above, several species extend beyond the limits of the region. Thus, Vitrina Pfeiffert, Zonites Whitneyi, Succinea Sillimani, Succinea Stretchiana, and S. rusticana are found also on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in the Central Province. Aglaja infumata and Macro- cyclis Voyana are also found outside the bounds of the region, in the Oregonian Region.
The geographical distribution of the above species of Arionta is very peculiar. Arionta Mormonum is found in the Sierra Nevada counties, as is also tudiculata; but the latter is also found near the coast in the southern counties. All the others are restricted to the coast counties, ranging as stated in the descriptive portion of the work, the following being island species: A. ruficincta, Gabbi, intercisa, Ayresiana, and Kelletti. A. Stearnsiana and A. Carpentert are Lower Californian species.
Of the remainder of the above list all are restricted to the vicinity of the coast (Binneya is an island species), except the following from the Sierra Nevada counties: Vitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whitneyt, Z. chersinel- lus, Gonostoma Yatesi, Polygyra Harfordiana, and Aglaja Hillebrandi.
With the fauna of Lower California there seems no connection, though one or two species overlap at the dividing line, as Arionta Stearnsiana. Another species, A.Carpenteri, is included in the above list, having been quoted from San Diego and Tuiare Valley, California.
22 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
It may, however, belong rather to the Lower California fauna,* having been described from that region under the name,of H. Remondi, and from Guaymas. Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also said to extend into California. I should also mentivn that Binneya notabilis has been found on Guadalupe Island, off the coast of Lower California, from whence it has probably been introduced.
From the list of California species are omitted Columna Californica, actually collected at Marmato, New Granada, by Mr. Bland, and Zonites cultellatus, probably an accidentally introduced European shell. Buli- mus Californicus is also omitted, belonging, no doubt, to the region of Mazatlan ; also Glandina Albersi, which we know to live in the Sierra Madre.
Separate lists of species peculiar to the several regions of the Pacific
*The peninsula of Lower California forms a distinct molluscous province of itself, extending nearly to San Diego. The following species are peculiar to it:
Celocentrum irregulare, Gabb. Bulimulus pallidior, Sowerby. Arionta Stearnsiana, Gabb. excelsus, Gould. Rowelli, Newe. (Lohri, Gabb). inscendens, W. G. Binn. Euparypha areolata, Sowb. ( Veitchii, sufiatus, Gould. Newe.). pilula, W. G. Binn. Pandore, Forbes. proteus, Brod. levis, Pfr. Xanrtusi, W. G. Binn. Berendtia Taylori, Ptr. artemisia, W. G. Binn.
Bulimus spirifer, Gabb. Gabbi, Crosse.
Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also found in Lower Califor- nia. Of the above list one only has been found near San Diego, dA. Stearnsiana. Another, A. Rowelli, has been referred to Arizona, but erroneously. LL. Pandore and areolata have also erroneously been referred to California. 4. Remondi (Car- penteri) is omitted from the list, as it also occurs in the California Region. It is the only species common to the peninsula and mainland of Mexico. The most interest- ing fact in the fauna of Lower California is the presence of Bulimulus proteus and B. pallidior—species described originally from South America, the former from Chili.
Though still more remotely connected with the subject of this paper, it will be in- teresting to add here a list of species found at and north of Mazatlan, on the Pacific coast of Mexico:
Glandina turris, Pfr. Polygyra acutedentata, W. G. Binn. Albersi, Pfr. ventrosula, Pfr. Holospira Remondi, Gabb. Bulimulus Ziegleri, Pfr. Patula Mazatlanica, Pfr. Californicus, Rve? Arionta Carpenteri, Newe. Orthalicus undatus, Brug. Polygyra anilis, Gabb. Pupa chordata, Pfr. Behri, Gabb. Succinea cingulata, Forbes.
Of the above, P. Mazatlanica has lately been quoted from San Francisco, but I find the specimens so called to be delicate individuals of Zonites conspectus ; (see that spe- cies).
A. Mormonum is omitted from this list, its presence in Sonora not having been con- firmed, although asserted, doubtfully, by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse (see under that species in the descriptive portion of the text).
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 23
Province are given above. There now follows a complete list of all the species hitherto.observed in the entire province:
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis. Mesodon Columbianus. sportella. germanus. Hemphill. devius. Voyana. Aglaja jidelis. - Duranti. infumata. Zonites Whitneyt. Hillebrandi. nitidus Arionta arrosa. arboreus. Townsendiana. indentatus exarata. minusculus. tudiculata. viridulus. Ayresiana. milium. intercisa. conspectus. Californiensis. chersinellus. Carpentert. JSulvus. Mormonum. Vitrina Pfeifferi. sequoicola. Limaw campestris. Diabloensis. Hewstoni. Traski. Prophysaon Hemphilli. Dupetithouarsi. Ariolimax Columbianus. ruficineta. ~— Californicus. Gabbi. niger. Kelletti. Hemphalli. Stearnsiana. Andersoni. Huparypha Tryon. Arion? foliolatus. Glyptostoma Newberryanum. ? Anderson. Ferussacia subcylindrica.
Binneya notabilis. Hemphilia glandulosa. Patula striatella. Microphysa Lansingi. minutissima. Stearns. Helicodiscus lineatus. Gonostoma Yatesi. Polygyra Harfordiana. Triodopsis loricata.
Pupa Rowell. Californica. Succinea Sillimani. Stretchiana. Hawkinsi. rusticana. Nuttalliana. Oregonensis. Veronicella olivacea. Onchidella borealis. Carpenteri.
24 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Several of the above will eventually prove to be synonymes, but the .total number of species is small in comparison with the great size of the Pacific Province. An equal extent of territory in the Mississippi Valley, or even on the Atlantic coast, would show a larger number; and the comparatively small regions of Texas, Florida, and the Cumberland Mountains would each show an equal number of species peculiar to itself, independent of what they have in common with the rest of East- ern North America. This disparity in number is still more plainly shown in the separate region of Oregon. Thus it appears that the Pacifie Province is not rich in the number of its species, but it is pecul- iarly favored in their size and beauty, in this respect strikingly in contrast with the Central Province and Eastern Province.
From the Central Province the Pacific Province is quite distinct. A
few species have been shown above to inhabit both slopes of the Sierra ~
Nevada, and a few of the Oregon species have passed the barrier of the Cascade Mountains on the north,* but the peculiar Pacific forms, such as Arionta and Aglaia, are unknown in the Central.Province. On the other hand, the only form which has any development in the Central Province, Patula, is scarcely known in the Pacitic Province.
Compared with Eastern North America, or the Eastern Province, as it is designated below, the Pacific Province is remarkable for the absence of all the larger Zonites. The presence of the smaller species also may perhaps be accounted for by migration from the north, so that the genus Zonites cannot be considered as characteristic of the province. The genus Pupa is less common. Tebennophorus, so universally distrib- uted in Eastern North Ameriza, is unknown, and so are the southern genera Glandina and Bulimulus. On the other hand, we find the genus Macrocyclis much more developed, and meet several genera unknown in the Eastern Province, such as Ariolimax, Binneya, Prophysaon, and Himphillia. The genera of disintegrated Helix are proportionally more developed in the Pacific Region, and are represented by quite dis- similar subgenera. The genera so peculiar to the Eastern Province, Polygyra, Stenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon, are scarcely represented. In their place we find Aglaia and Arionta, forms unknown in the Eastern Province. The latter, though feebly represented in Europe, is character-
* Since the above was published I have received living specimens of Putula solitaria from the Dalles on the Columbia River, proving that that species has passed the bar- rier of the Cascade Mountains and penetrated into the Pacific Region. It had al- ready been noticed in the Central Province.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 25
istic of California._ It is prolific of species and also varieties to a de- gree which has caused some confusion in the synonymy. Glyptostoma is also peculiar to California.
From Lower California and Mexico the Pacific Region has been shown to be equally distinct, wanting entirely the Holospira, Glandina, Bulimulus, and Zonites of those regions.
Failing on the north, east dnd south, the west alone is left to us from whence to trace the pulmonate fauna of the Pacific Region, and here the secret of its origin lies buried under the Pacific Ocean.
II.—The Central Province extends from Mexico to the British posses- sions, between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the west.
The following are the species peculiar to the province:
Timax montanus. : Polygyrella polygyrella.
- Patula strigosa. Mesodon Mullani (=devius). Hemphilli. Pupa Arizonensis. Idahoensis. hordeacea.
Horni. corpulenta.
Microphysa Ingersolli.
The second of these species is also found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming and Dakota, in company with P. solitaria. I have shown above that the last-named species has penetrated the Central Province, and even passed the barriers of the Pacific Province at the Dalles. :
To the above must be added, as inhabiting the province, but not peculiar to it, the following species from the Pacific Province, inhabit- ing either slope of the Sierra Nevada: Vitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whit- neyi, Succinea Silimani, and Suceinea Stretchiana, 'The following also, from the Oregonian HKegion of the Pacific Province, Mesodon devius, Arionta Townsendiana, and Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, are found at its most northern point, though the former two species are reduced in size. We find also over the Central Province the following species, whose derivation can readily be traced tothe north: Zonites minusculus, fulvus, and indentatus, Vallonia pulchella, Helicodiscus lineatus, Patula striatella, Ferussacia subcylindrica. (See above, p. 19.)
Arionta Rowelli, a Lower California species, is omitted from the list, its presence in Arizona being exceedingly doubtful.*
* A specimen of Patula strigosa confounded with A. Rowelli gave rise to this mistake,
26 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
The fauna of the Central Province is quite distinct from that of the Pacific Province, but is nearly allied to that of the Eastern Province, its genera being the same, excepting Polygyrella. It may, therefore, be of the same origin as the fauna of the Eastern Province.
The paucity of species over this large area is owing to the nature of its climate and soil—causes in equal force on the western border of the Eastern Province.
In order to avoid mistakes in the study of the geographical distribu- tion of North American land shells one must constantly bear in mind the changes in the names and boundaries of the trans-Mississippi States and Territories.*
IIJ.—The Eastern Province comprises the remaining portions of the continent north of Mexico. The species by which it is inhabited have been derived partly from the north, partly from the interior, and partly from the south. It may, therefore, be divided into the (a) Northern Region, (b) the Interior Region, and (c) the Southern Region. i
(a) The Northern Regiont comprises the whole northern portion of the continent, including Greenland and Alaska. Its southern bound- ary is not perfectly known, and probably not exactly marked ; it may, however, be indicated in general terms as the same with the political division between the British possessions and the United States to the northeast corner of New York, where it runs southwesterly along the Appalachian chain of mountains to Chesapeake Bay, thus including all New England, and the portions of New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and Maryland lying east of those mountains. Into this south- ern extension of the region we find the Interior Region overlapping, as will be shown below while treating of the interior fauna. At other points in the region also have been found species from the Interior Region,{ especially small Zonites, which are able to bear the severe climate of the north.
*Thus, Helic Mullani was described in Land and Freshwater Shells of North America, I, 131, from points in Washington Territory and Oregon. Both localities are now in Idaho. (1875.) -
tFor a description of this region see Terr. Moll. U. S., Vol. I, pp. 124, 125, under sections 5 and 6. The American land shells, especially those of the Interior Region, are forest species; they become rare towards the Northern Region of the continent as the deciduous trees become rare.
tSee Proc. Phila. Acad. N. §., 1861, p. 330, for the northern range of species from the Interior Region.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 27
The following are the species of the Northern Region:
Vitrina limpida. Vallonia pulchella. Angelice. Ferussacia subcylindrica. exilis. Pupa muscorum.
Zonites fulous. Blandi.
nitidus. Hoppii.
viridulus. decora.
Fabricii. borealis.
milium. Vertigo Gouldi. Binneyanus. Bollesiana. Serreus. simplex. exiguus. Microphysa minutissima. multidentatus. Succinea Hayden.
Patula striatella. Verrilli.
asteriscus. Higginsi. _ pauper. Groenlandica.
Acanthinula harpa. Totteniana.
Of the above, several are circumpolar species, common to the three continents of Europe, Asia, and America. There being no mountain barriers in these regions, they are not restricted in their range acros America. In their progress southward also they have met with n transverse mountain barriers, but have spread equally on the east and west of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Hence we find them common to the whole of North America.* Such are—
Zonites viridulus. Vallonia pulchella. Sulvus. Ferussacia subcylindrica. nitidus. Pupa muscorum.
Acanthinula harpa.
This list will be increased should it be proved that Mr. Gwyn Jef- freyst is correct in referring the following American species to those
*TIn the same way we can account for the distribution of the small eastern species over the Central and Pacific Provinces. They have not crossed the mountain barricT& but spread southward from their wider range in the north. Such are—
Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris. indentatus. Patula striatella. minusculus. Helicodiscus lineatus. milium. Microphysa minutissima.
These northern species, both indigenous and circumpolar, may have been assisted in their migration southward by glacial agencies. There is a wide field for specula- tion here.
tAnn. and Mag. N. H., 1872, 245, 246.
28 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of Europe: Vitrina limpida=V. pellucida, Limax campestris=L. levis, Miill.; Vertigo Goulditi= V. alpestris, Ald.; Vertigo Bollesiana= V. pyg- mea, Drap.; V. ovatu=V. antivergo, Drap.: V. ventricosa = V. Moulin- siana; V.simplex= V. edentula, Drap.; Succinea ovalis=S. elegans, Risso; S. Totteniana=S. putris, Drap. var. A comparison of the lingual denti- tion of many of these has convinced me that Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys is not correct, as shown below in the descriptive portion of my work, under each species of the list.
From Asia have come into Alaska the following: Vitrina exilis, Patula pauper, Pupa borealis.
The species peculiar to Greenland are Vitrina Angelic, Zonites Fab- ricti, Pupa Hoppti, and Succinea Groenlandica. Of these, Pupa Hoppti has, however, also been found on Anticosti Island.
Into this Northern Region have also been introduced by commerce from Europe the following: Zonites cellarius, at most, if not all of the ports from New York to Halifax; Limax flavus, L. agrestis, and Arion
Juscus, which follow :he white man over the whole United States, living
around his habitations; and L. maximus, also around human habitations, but noticed only in Newport, R. I., New York City, and Philadelphia; Fruticicola hispida at Halifax, F. rufescens at Quebec; TLachea hortensis on the islands off the coast of New England and the British Provinces, and on the mainland in Canada and Greenland.
Of the species referred above to the Northern Region, several have - spread beyond its limits. Viétrina limpida has been found in Central New York; Zonites viridulus extends to Mexico; Z. milium to California (San Francisco) and Kentucky; Z. fulvus and Vallonia pulchella all over the United States; Zonites nitidus, Z. multidentatus to Ohio, and: Micro- physa minutissima to Texas and to California; Perussacia subeylindrica to the States south of the Great Lakes and into California and New Mexico and mountains of North Carolina; Patula striatella to Virginia, as well as into Oregon and Nevada.
The Northern Region does not differ in the characteristies of its fauna from that lying south of it, but its climate is too severe for any but the more hardy forms. Thus, we find only the small species of Zonites and disintegrated Helix, with the genus Vitrina. Compared with the bal- ance of North America, the region is peculiar for the great distribution of its species east and west, owing to the mountain-ranges having here lost the great elevation which they have farther south, and thus ceas- ing to be barriers to distribution. The region is also interesting as being the source from whence have spread southward over the whole
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 29
continent several small species now found in Florida and Texas, and even in Mexico and the West Indies.
(b) The Interior Region lies to the south of the Northern Region, but extends only as far as the Rocky Mountains* on the west. Southerly it extends to the alluvial regions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the dividing line here not being sharply defined.
This is the only portion of the continent where we have evidence of the origin of our land mollusks in former geological] times. In the Post- pleiocene deposits along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers are found im- mense beds of shells, “proving that our existing species were living at a period which, though recent in a geological sense, was anterior to the last geological revolution, when the surface of this portion of the earth was brought to its present condition, and to the existence of the higher order of animals which now inhabit it, and even. to that of the extinct mammalians which are known only by their gigantic remains.” +
From the evidence gathered from these deposits, it appears that the fauna of this region can be traced to Indiana and Ohio. From this center the species have extended over the region; some of them also have passed the barrier of the Appalachian chain into the Northern Region, and some have spread, with the enlargement of the continent, into the Southern Region. Another theory might suggest that the Cum- berland Subregion was the point of origin of all the species, those still restricted to that subregion not being adapted to the wider distribu- tion which the other species have obtained. Any one familiar with the habits of snails is well aware how much they differ in this respect. Some are much more disposed to migrate than others. Thus, T'riodop- sis appressa is content to remain within a radius of a few feet under a decaying log; Mesodon thyroides is more restless, travels much, and climbs trees; Tachea nemoralis has no local attachments, migrating far and wide. ‘These facts I have verified in my own garden during many years. The Triodopsis appressa spoken of are descendants of Illinois Specimens given me twenty-five years ago by the lamented Kennicott.
I will here mention that a colony of 7. appressa has lately been found in the island of Bermuda, no doubt introduced on plants.
* This is the extreme limit, but before reaching it the land shells have become very rare, owing to the nature ofthe soil. Fora description, see Terr. Moll. U. S., Vol. I, l. ¢
tSee Terr. Moll U.S., Vol. I, 185. It must be remembered that the glacial epech would not destroy this fauna, as the ice-sheet did not extend over the southern por- tion of the region. Here the species would be preserved, and from hence, after the disappearance of the ice, they would repeople the whole region,
350 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. .
The following species have actually been found fossil in the Post- pleiocene deposits:
Zonites arboreus. Triodopsis palliata. Suliginosus. obstricta. inornatus. appressa. intertextus. inflecta. ligerus. Mesodon albolabris. gularis. elevatus.
Macrocyclis concava. exoletus.
Patula solitaria. thyroides. alternata. clausus. perspectiva. profundus.
Helicodiscus lineatus. Pupa armifera.
Strobila labyrinthica. contracta.
Polygyra auriformis. Succinea obliqua.
Stenotrema stenotremum. Helicina* orbiculata.
hirsutum. occulta. monodon.
Of the above all are now living and are equally numerous, excenting Helicina occulta, a species most abundant in Post-pleiocene days, but now almost extinct.t The other species of Helicina is now confined to more southern limits. .
In addition to the above, the following species, now living in the In-
* terior Province, probably had their origin in Post-pleiocene times, and will, no doubt, be found fossil in the “ bluffs”:
Zonites friabilis. Mesodon multilineatus. levigatus. Pennsylvanicus. SUpPPVessUs. Mitchellianus. indentatus. dentiferus. internus. bucculentus. minusculus. Sayit. limatulus. Triodopsis tridentata.
Polugyra Dorfeuilliana. fallax.
leporina. Pupa pentodon.
*Though not Pulmonata, these two species are strictly terrestrial in their habits, and are here introduced from their value on the question of the permanence of the Post- pleiocene species. One of them is almost extinct, the other more restricted in its range at present. ;
t See Vol. I, 183, 184; Bland and Binney, Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., IX, 289,
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 31
Pupa fallax. Vertigo ovata. rupicola. Succinea avara. corticaria. ovalis.
Vertigo milium.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, T. dorsalis, and Limax campestris proba- bly have also come down from Post-pleiocene times. From their nature they could leave no record of their presence in the ‘ bluffs.”
There are also tound in the Interior Region several forms of Succinea of doubtful specific value, which have been described as—
Succinea retusa. Succinea aurea. Grosvenor. Mooresiana. lineata.
The following is a complete list of those species of the Interior Region which have spread beyond it by passing the barriers of the Appalachian chain, and are now found over New England and the whole southern extension of the Northern Region, described on p. 27, as well as over the whole Southern Region. They may therefore be said to inhabit all of the Eastern Province:
Maerocyclis concava. Triodopsis fallax. Zonites fuliginosus. Mesodon albolabris. inornatus. thyrotdes. SUppressus. Pupa pentodon. indentatus: Sallax. arboreus. armifera. minusculus. - contracta. Limax campestris. rupicola. Patula alternata. corticaria. Helicodiscus lineatus. Vertigo milium. Strobila labyrinthica. ovata. Stenotrema hirsutum. Succinea avara. monodon. obliqua. Triodopsis palliata. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. tridentata. dorsalis.
Mesodon Sayii and M. dentiferus have spread into New England only from the Interior Region. They have not been found in more southern latitudes east of the Appalachian chain, nor in the Southern Region.
The geographical range of these species is very great, forming one of the most striking features of the North American fauna. Still more widely distributed are those minute species which have been mentioned
32 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
above as spreading southwardly from the Northern Region equally on both sides of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. These species may be said to inhabit the whole continent of North America as far south as Mexico. The range of some is still greater. Thus, Zonites minusculus has been fonnd from British Columbia to Labrador on the north, to Yucatan and Florida on the south, and still farther in Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Bermuda. Strobila labyrinthica also is found over all Eastern North America, and perhaps in Mexico (as H. Strebeli, see Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 267). It is also by some considered identical with an Eocene fossil of France and England; (See below.) Zonites arboreus ranges from Labrador to New Mexico, and in Nevada and California, and from British Columbia to Florida, Cuba, and Guadaloupe. Vertigo ovata is found from Maine to Mexico and in Cuba.
The character of the soil and climate, with, perhaps, the gradual ele- ~ vation, is such as to render the land shells rare, if not quite extinct, before the Rocky Mountains are reached, the western boundary of the Interior Region. But one species, Patula solitaria, seems to have passed this mountain-barrier into the Central Province. This is found with P. Cooperi in Montana and Idaho, and is very difficult to distinguish from forms of the last species. It is, however, oviparous (from Salmon River, Idaho), while P. strigosa, Cooperi, Hemphilli, and Idahoensis are viviparous. It has also passed into the Pacific Province at the Dalles.
The following list contains the names of all the species inhabiting the Interior Region, including those which have spread into it from the Northern Region:
Macrocyclis concava. Zonites fulwus.
Zonites fuliginosus. gularis. Sriabilis. SUPPYVeESSUS. levigatus. internus. higerus. Limax campestris. intertextus. Patula solitaria. tnornatus. alternata. nitidus. perspectiva. arboreus. striatella. viridulus. Helicodiscus lineatus. indentatus. Strobila labyrinthica. limatulus. Polygyra Dorfeuilliana,
minusculus. leporina,
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 33
Polygyra auriformis. — Vallonia pulchella. Stenotrema stenotremum. Pupa muscorum. hirsutum. pentodon. monodon. | ; fallax. Triodopsis palliata. armifera. obstricta. contracta. appressa. rupicola. inflecta. . corticaria, tridentata. Vertigo milium. fallax. ovata. Mesodon albolabris. Succinea retusa. multilineatus. Grosvenori. Pennsylvanicus. Mooresiana. Mitchellianus. ovalis. elevatus. lineata. exoletus. avara. dentiferus. aurea. thyroides. obliqua. clausus. Totteniana. profundus. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. Sayii. dorsalis.
Acanthinula harpa.
The above list shows the Interior Region to be remarkable for the development of the section of Zonites familiar by the European Z. oli- vetorum (Mesomphix of Alb. ed. 2). Of the disintegrated genus Helix the section or genus Mesodon is most developed. This is almost exclu- sively a North American subgenus, as is also Triodopsis, which is also greatly developed in the Interior Region.
In addition to the species included in the above list as inhabiting all of the Interior Region, there is a large group of species found within its limits, but having a more restricted range. They are found in what may be called the Cumberland* Subregion. This is comprised in the southern portion of the Appalachian chain, situated in Eastern Ten- nessee and the adjoining counties of North Carolina, with an offshoot
~~
into the mountains of West Virginia.t
*This name was adopted from the circumstance of Bishop Elliott first showing the _ richness of the subregion on the Cumberland table-lands.
+For a description of its physical and climatic characters,see Terr. Moll. U.S., Vol. I, 122. It is there designated as the Southern Interior Section, and is given a wider western range.
1749—Bull. 28———3
=
ook A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
The following species are peculiar to this subregion :
Vitrinozonites latissimus. Polygyra Troostiana.
Zonites capnodes. Hazardi. -
subplanus. Stenotrema spinosum. Rugeli. labrosum. sculptilis. Edgarianum. Hlliotti. Hdvardsi. demissus. : barbigerum. petrophilus. maxillatum. Wheatleyi. Triodopsis Rugeli. Lawi. ; intropferens. capsella. Mesodon major. placentula. Andrewsi. lasmodon. Christy. Andrewsi. Lawi. cuspidatus. Clark. macilentus. Wheatley. Paiula Cumberlandiana. Wetherbyi. Bryanti. Downieanus.
Helicodiscus fimbriatus. Tebennophorus, Wetherby.
Polygyra fastigans.
Of these, several have spread beyond the limits given above for the subregion. Thus Zonites lasmodon and Stenotrema spinosum have been found in Northern Alabama. Polygyra Hazardi has also spread into Northern Alabaina, and equally into Georgia and Kentucky. Steno- trema labrosum and Hdgarianum in Alabama, and in one case have been collected in Arkansas. &. barbigerum, S. maxillatum, and Zonites cap- nodes have found their way into Alabama and Georgia; Mesodon Clarki into Georgia. Zonites subplanus has been found even in Pennsylvania, having, no doubt, crept along the mountain chain ; but no other of the species of the Cumberland subregion has been found as far north, ex-
cepting Z. demissus. This last named species is found in a highly de- |
veloped state in Kastern Tennessee, and has extended into Western Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama (near Mobile), and Arkansas in a much dwarfed condition.
If to the thirty-nine species catalogued above as peculiar to the sub- region are added the sixty-nine species which inhabit it as a portion-of the Interior Region (see pp. 33, 34),it will be seen that in the Cumberland Subregion we find the largest number of species of any portion of North
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 35
America. The subregion is equally prolific in individuals, and the in- dividuals are highly developed. These facts are partially explained by the nature of thecountry. Low mountains, thickly shaded, well watered, and with a genial climate and proper soil, offer in their thickets and ravines innumerable safe breeding-grounds for the land shells.* There seem also to be in this subregion conditions peculiarly conducive to . testaceous variation. Eight of its peculiar species are carinated, and here also the following species of the Interior Region show the same tendency to carination: Zonites ligerus, intertextus, Patula alternata, Triodopsis appressa and palliata. Here, also, we first notice the varia- tion of Patula alternata towards heavy ribs upon its shell, which is still more apparent as the species extends towards the southwest.t Here, also, Mesodon elevatus is often found banded. JV. dentiferus and Saytt are greatly developed.
The Cumberland Subregion is peculiar for the development of Zonites, and in the disintegrated genus Helix for the development of the section or genus Stenotrema, almost peculiar to these narrow limits.
(c) The Southern Region comprises the peninsula of Florida, with the adjacent islands, together with the alluvial regions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It inciudes, therefore, the eastern portion of North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Georgia, all of Florida, the southern part of Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, extending into Texas.{ Its boundaries, however, are but imperfectly known, and probably not accurately de- fined. Many gt the species from the Interior Region and Cumberland Subregion have spread into its northern portion, and the following have extended over the larger portion of it:
Macrocyclis concava. Helicodiscus lineatus.
Zonites fuliginosus. Strobila labyrinthica. inornatus. Stenotrema hirsutum. SUPPYESSUS. monodon. indentatus. Triodopsis palliata. arboreus. tridentata. minusculus. . Jallax.
Limax campestris. Van Nostrandi.
Patula alternata. Mesodon albolabris.
*See Terr. Moll. U.S., Vol. I, pp. 122,123. Being less adapted for cultivation than the balance of Eastern North America, we may hope for the preservation of our land shells in this region, while they decrease rapidly before the advance of civilization elsewhere. See Ibid., pp. 132, 133.
tThis heavily ribbed form was common in Post-pleiocene days.
See Terr, Moll. U,S., Vol. 1,120, for a description of the region.
v
36 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Mesodon thyroides.
Pupa pentodon. Fallax. armifera. contracta. rupicola. corticaria.
Vertigo milium. ovata. Succinea avara. obliqua. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. dorsalis,
Equally wide over the region has been the distribution of those minute species whose origin has been traced to circumpolar regions (see p. 27). Such are: Zonites viridulus, fulvus, and Vallonia pulchella.
In addition to these species derived from the north are found the fol- lowing species peculiar to the region, whose origin can be traced to the south, in the peninsula of Florida, from whence, indeed, many of them
have not yet spread over the whole region:
Glandina truncata. Zonites cerinoideus. Polygyra auriculata. uvulifera. Postelliana. espiloca. avara. cereolus. septemvolva. Carpenteriana. Febigeri. pustula. pustuloides. Triodopsis Hopetonensis.
Of the more widely spread species, Polygyra septemvolva isrepresented by various forms over the whole southern littoral region, both of the
Mesodon major.
jejunus. Mobilianus.
Bulimulus Floridanus. | Dormani. dealbatus.
Cylindrella jejuna.
Pupa variolosa.
modica.
Succinea effusa.
campestris. Wilsont Veronicella Floridana.
Atlantic and Gulf. So is Glandina truncata, Mesodon jejunus, Polygyra
pustula, pustuloides, and Pupa modica.
Triodopsis Hopetonensis extends
only along the Atlantic alluvial region. Bulimulus dealbatus is also distributed over the whole region, from North Carolina to Texas, and has spread northward to Arkansas and Kentucky. Succinea campestris
extends along the Atlantic coast as far as South Carolina, as does also Zonites cerinoideus, even into North Carolina and Virginia. Polygyra espiloca and Postelliana have been noticed thus far in the southeastern
corner of Georgia. The former also at New Orleans and Indianola.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 37
Suecinea Wilsoni, at Darien, Ga. Mesodon major extends from the Gulf to Abbeville, 8. C., confined to a narrow tract of territory, and also in the Cumberland Subregion.
The following European species have been introduced by commerce into this region, and still exist at the points named: Stenogyra decollata, Lin., Turricula terrestris and Pomatiavaspersa, Miill., at Charleston, 8. C.; Coecilianella acicula, Miill., Florida.
From the list of species peculiar to the Southern Region it will be seen that the prevailing form is Polygyra, a group or gents peculiarly American, represented in the Interior Region indeed, but meeting its greatest development here. The presence of Glandina and Veronicella shows, also, the more southern character of land-shell fauna. But the region, and especially that portion of it from whence the fauna was distributed, 7. e., the southern extremity of Florida, is still more peculiar in showing the connection between the land shells of the continent of North America and those of the West India Islands and the Spanish Main. Of the species given above (p. 36), Cylindrella jejuna was, per- haps, introduced from Cuba, and Bulimulus Dormani may prove-iden- tical with B. maculatus, Lea, of Carthagena. The following species have evidently been introduced* from the West India fauna: t
Zonites Gundlachi, Cuba, &e. Bulimulus Marielinus, Cuba. Microphysa vortex, Cuba, &e. Strophia ineana, Cuba. Hemitrochus varians, New Prov- Stenogyra subula, Cuba, &e. idence. gracillima, Cuba, &e. Cylindrella Poeyana, Cuba. Liguus fasciatus, Cuba. Macroceramus Kieneri, Cuba. Orthalicus wndatus, Cuba.
» Gossei, Cuba.
From Yucatan one species has been introduced, Polygyra oppilata. Bulimulus multilineatus was introduced from the continent of South America,t where it has been found at St. Martha, New Granada, and at Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello, in Venezuela.
Florida has not only received several of its species from the West Indies, but also from its southern extremity it has contributed in return to the fauna of those islands. From hence, no doubt, Zonites arboreus
* Kither by oceanic currents since the formation of the peninsula of Florida, or else from some island of the West India group, now inclosed in the peninsula. It is in- teresting in this connection to refer to the discovery, by Mr. Conrad, of a Tertiary fossil at Tampa Bay, Bulimulus Floridanus, Conr.
tAlso several non-pulmonate species, as Helicina subglobulosa, Cuba; Ctenopoma rugulosum, Cuba; Chondropoma dentatum, Cuba.
{Or from some extinct fauna, which also accounts for its presence at both points. o
38 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
has passed into Cuba and Guadaloupe; Zonites minusculus to Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico (Bermuda?); Pupa fallax to Cuba; Vertigo ovata to Cuba; Zonites indentatus to San Domingo?
I’rom the various sources indicated above, the southern extremity of Florida has become inhabited by about seventy species of land shells, a number small in comparison with those found in the Cumberland Sub- region (see p. 34), but large when compared with those found in the great Interior Region.
In addition to those species apparently originating in the peninsula of Florida and thence spreading over the whole Southern Region, there is found within its limits a number of species confined to the southwest- ern portion of the latter. These seem restricted to the southern part of Texas, which may be considered an offshoot of the Mexican fauna, as shown by the presence of the genera characteristic of that country, such as Holospira, Bulimulus, and Glandina. Within the region, however, are many species peculiar to it, but belonging to the genera charac- teristic of North America, such as Polygyra and Mesodon. It seems, therefore, best to consider Texas as belonging equally to the fauna of North America and of Mexico, being the point where the two overlap. As the limits of the region are ill defined, several species extralimital to the State of Texas are included in the following catalogue of the Texan Region:
Glandina Vanuxemensis. — Triodopsis Copet. decussata. Levettet. bullata. Mesodon divestus. *‘Texasiana. Roemeri.
Zonites significans. Dorcasia Berlandieriana.
caducas. griseola.
Microphysa incrustata. Bulimulus patriarcha.
Strobila Hubbardi. alternatus.
Polygyra ventrosula. Schiedeanus. Hindsi. Macroceramus Gosset. Texasiana. Holospira Goldfussi. triodontoides. Roemeri. Mooreana. Stenogyra octonoides. tholus. Pupa pellucida. hippocrepis. Succinea Haleana. Jacksont. concoretlialis. Ariadne. | ; luteola.
vultuosa. Salleana.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 39
Of the above Polygyra Jacksont and Zonites significans are included with great hesitation. They are found at Fort Gibson, in Indian Terri- tory.* They are more related to the fauna of the Cumberland Subre- gion than that of Texas. Triodopsis Levettet, a New Mexican species, is also included.
Besides the species characteristic of the North American fauna, which Texas has, as a portion of the Southern Region of the great Eastern Province, we find in the above lists two species peculiar to it of the characteristic American subgenus Mesodon—Roemeri and divestus.t
Several species on the list have been introduced from other regions, ¢ such as Strobila Hubbardi,§ a Jamaica species, as well as Macroceramus Gossei, a Cuban species, which is also found on the Florida Keys; Microphysa incrustata from Cuba, as well as Pupa pellucida and Stenogyra octonoides. |
Of the remaining species on the list, sixteen have actually been found in Mexico; probably all will be, as there seems no well-defined boundary here between the North American and Mexican fauna.
Bulimulus serperastrus, Say, although actually found in Texas, is evi- dently a member of the Mexican fauna, and is therefore omitted from my list, though included in the descriptive portion of my work.
The characteristic of Texas appears to be the great preponderance of the genus Polygyra, of the type of P. Texasiana, while the type of Florida, the septemvolva, is almost wanting. The great abundance of individuals is also remarkable, showing the region to be peculiarly adapted to pulmonate life. In the number of its species, also, the Texas Region is favored; by adding to the above list of peculiar species those which it has in common with all of the Eastern Province, and also those of the Southern Region, we find a total of seventy spe- cies, the same number as found in Florida.
On the map published in Terr. Moll. U.S., the Pacific Province, V,
* See Terr. Moll.U. S., Vol. I, 122, which gives the limits of the corresponding ‘‘South- ern Interior Section” such as would include these species. Several of the species of East Tennessee also have been found in Arkansas—a fact also favoring a wider limit to the Cumberland Subregion.
t This species has not actually been found within the limits of the State of Texas, but in the neighboring State of Arkansas and in Mississippi. To it may be applied the remarks on Zonites significans and Polygyra Jacksoni above.
t Either by commerce, by oceanic currents, or from some former molluscous fauna of which these now isolated localities were offshoots.
§ Since the above was written this species has been found. by Dr. Newcomb near Savannah, Ga. It may therefore prove a widely distributed American species. In Jamaica it is known as H. Vendreysiana, Gloyne.
40 AMANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
is colored pink, the Central Province blue; the Eastern Province (of which the northern portions are not shown) is uncolored. The subdi- visions, or regions, of the Eastern Province are also indicated by col- ored lines. The red line marks the division between the Northern and Interior Regions. From this line the last-named region extends (its subregion of the Cumberland shown by green lines) to the brown and yellow lines, which, taken together, mark the northern boundary of the Southern Region, the yellow separately indicating the Texan Subregion, the brown the Floridan Subregion.
In the above pages I have simply stated the facts now known regard- ing the actual distribution of our land shells, scarcely attempting to ex- plain it. I will here venture to make a few suggestions on this subject.
The student of geographical distribution must now take as his guide the recently published work by Wallace on this subject.* From this he will learn that terrestrial mollusca of most of the recent genera have existed on the globe from very early geological times. Also, that, wherever originally appearing, their universal distribution over all the continents is easily explained. ‘Thus we readily account for their pres- ence in North America,t and, however imperfect may be the geological record, it shows us that at least Zonites, Pupa, Helix, Bulimulus, Vi- trina, Macrocyclis, and Clausilia existed here in previous geological ages. From these ancestors, no doubt, have been derived, through many intermediate stages of development, the present fauna. I have already shown that the characteristic American genera of the Eastern Province, the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, &c., were already estab- lished in Post-pleiocene days. It is impossible to learn how much ear- lier they appeared, but of one significant fact we are certain—they are more recent than the elevation of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Ne- vada, for otherwise these chains would not form, as now, dividing lines between the Eastern, Central, and Pacific fauna. There are, indeed, several small species which have passed these barriers, being found over all of North America. These same species are found equally dis- tributed in Asia and Europe. They are undoubtedly of much earlier origin. than the strictly American species, and belong to some extinct fauna of world-wide distribution. The circumpolar connection of the
* The Geographical Distribution of Animals, with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas.as elucidating the past Changes of the Earth’s Surface. By Alfred Russell Wallace. Amer. ed. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1876.
t In the following pages it will be seen that three well-established genera only— Hem- phillia, Prophysaon, and Ariolimax—are peculiar to our limits, excepting perhaps a few disintegrated Helix.
‘
ee Oe ee
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 41
three continents has facilitated their distribution. In this connection it is worthy of note that one of our existing species, now confined to America (Strobila labyrinthica), is said to have existed in France in Tertiary days.
Our Southern Region has evidently been peopled from some other fauna than that which supplied the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, &c., of the Interior Region. It was, no doubt, from some now extinct semi- tropical fauna that these came, but long enough ago to allow the Poly- gyras, Glandinas, &e., to be modified into species distinct from those which from the same common origin have become the equally well- established West Indian, Central American, and Mexican species.
The Central Province has, from geological causes, been more recently peopled by pulmonata than the Eastern Province. Its local species are less numerous. Patula is its characteristic genus, with species so vary- ing and intermingling one with the other, that the student cannot refrain from noticing that they have the appearance of a species ina slightly advanced stage of evolution, each form not as yet established as distinct, easily-recognized species.
The Pacific Province ‘also presents in its variable, scareely distin- guishable Ariontas, a fauna of comparatively recent growth, but whence its origin it is difficult to say.*
Finally, we have in the list of American land shells several species purely local in their distribution, imported through the more or less direct agency of man. Of these, Pomatia aspersa was no doubt intro- duced as an article of food by foreign residents of Charleston, 8. C., and seems to have established a hold there.t Zonites cellarius was intro- duced by foreign shipping, probably around water-casks. It is also well known to have been introduced into other countries. The Limaces are found around human habitations; they seem to follow the English to all their colonies. The other foreign species mentioned on. p. 28 have probably been introduced around the roots of plants, as have been other species which are from time to time sent me from greenhouses, gardens, &c. They are only local, except Tachea hortensis, which may have been accidentally introduced in some other manner, since the dis- covery of America by Europeans, and owes its present distribution in
*See Dr. Cooper, as referred to on p. 19.
tI have been asked what authority I have for this opinion, so think it worthy of statement that Charleston specimens belonging to the cabinet of the late General Totten still retain the odor of the garlic with which the animal was cooked. French residents of Philadelphia have been known by me to purchase them as food.
42 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
the Northeast to its being peculiarly adapted to colonization. I have elsewhere related my successful attempt to colonize the allied Tachea nemoralis.*
II].—OF THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS.
All the terrestrial Gasteropoda under consideration are moncecious or hermaphroditic, though none are capable of self-impregnation. They are also mostly oviparous.
Their genital system is complicated, and liable to such variation in its details as to furnish excellent generic and specific characters. I have therefore, when possible, given descriptions of the system in the de-_ seriptive portion of my work, under each species. I will here give only a general description of the development of the system: The testicle is a single globular mass of aciniform cceca in some genera; in others it is composed of numerous fasciculi of long ceca; itis free, or imbedded in the upper lobe of the liver; its position, as well as the shape of its ceca, being different in the respective genera.
The epididymis is an undulated, or moderately tortuous tube, leading from the testicle to the inner side of the junction of the ovary with the prostate eland. It opens into a groove on the inner side of the interior of the oviduct, which is continuous, at its inferior extremity, with the vas deferens. Opening into the termination of the epididymis, and lying against the inner side of the ovary, is a small, compound, follicu- lar body, which appears to be common to all the terrestrial Gasteropoda, and is known as the accessory gland of the epididymis. ‘The prostate gland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner side of the whole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated appearance, and numerous openings into the groove leading from the epididymis to the vas deferens.
The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, passing from the pros- tate gland to the penis sac. The position of its junction forms a spe- cific character; sometimes it joins the summit of the latter, at others it enters near the base.
The penis sac is generally a long, cylindroid, irregular body, lying at the right anterior part of the visceral cavity, and joining at its termi- nation a short cloaca. Its form is, however, very variable, and is an excellent specific character, as is also the point of insertion of the retractor muscle, which has its origin from the muscular investment of
*See Tachea hortensis.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN. LAND SHELLS. 43
the visceral cavity, just posterior to the position of the pulmonary cav- ity. The penis sac often has a flagellate appendage containing the curious organ known as the capreolus. The above are the male organs of the compound system.
The female organs consist of the ovary, a linguiform body, some- times lobulated, at the posterior end of the genital system. The oviduct is a long sac-like body, usually greatly convoluted in its course. It decreases in breadth at its anterior end, and gradually merges into the vagina, a long tube-like body of uniform size to the common external orifice; into its lower end, called by Dr. Leidy the cloaca, enters the penis sac, and above this enters also the duct of the genital bladder. This last organ, as well as the bladder itself, varies greatly in size and length, and forms an excellent specific character.
' The above is the simplest form of the genital system, all these organs being absolutely necessary. It is often much more complicated by having an accessory, very much lengthened duct to the duct of the genital bladder, by various forms of vaginal prostate glands often with complicated accessories; with one or more dart sacs entering into the vagina, containing a dart of various shape. The penis sac also some- times has curious and varied accessories. All these organs may be found in some species of any given genus, while other species may have only the organs necessary to the genital system.* I am induced, there- fore, to consider the details of the generative system to be only a spe- cific character. As a generic character we can rely only on the position of the external orifice of the system, and on the position of the testicle as well as the form of the coca which compose it. Thus Glandina, Zonites, and Ariolimax have the external orifice under the mantle, while usually it is found behind the right eye-pedancle. Again, Limax, Ario- limax, Prophysaon, Hemphillia, Arion, Glandina, and Succinea have the testicle free, and formed of aciniform cceca, while in the genera of dis- integrated Helix and others it is composed of fasciculi of elongated ceca commingled with the substance of the upper lobe of the liver.
In comparison of the descriptions of genitalia in this work with those given by foreign authors, it must be remembered that the terms ovary, testicle, &c., are not applied to the same organ.
In Vols. I and V of Terr. Moll. U. S. will be found figures of the gen- ital system of many of our species. I have in this volume repeated the
*For instance, in Arionta we find the necessary organs only in Townsendiana, but in Nickliniana and other species a great variety of accessory complications,
44 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
descriptions under each species, but have not been able to reproduce the figures, which, however, are referred to for examination.
I cannot too strongly urge upon my readers to examine the genital system of each species. It is extremely easy, requiring nothing but a Shallow dish of water, over the bottom of which melted wax is poured, to form a bed into which long pins are stuck as the organs are sepa- rated by the pins, and a hand lens with a few needles stuck in handles and a pair of small scissors.
IV.—THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE.
As many of my readers are quite unfamiliar with this subject, espe- cially most of those who have so largely contributed specimens for ex- amination, I will describe in detail the position of the organs and the
-method adopted for their study.
On holding up against the light an individual of Mesodon thyroides in one hand, and offering to him with the other some food (a piece of let- tuce or carrot is always acceptable), one can readily see with the naked eye the two organs here treated of. Above the external opening of the mouth, through the transparent tissue of the head, is seen a small, arched, reddish, free instrument, which appears to rise and fall as if used in cutting off morsels of food. This is the jaze. ie
On the floor of the moutl is the lingual membrane, oceupying about the position of the human tongue. Its color is too nearly the same as that of the head to afford any strong contrast, but with close attention it will be detected by its glistening silvery appearance, as it works backward and forward. Its use seems to be to rasp the food and also to force it back into the cesophagus.
More detailed description, fully illustrated by figures, of the position of these two organs, will be found in the chapters on Special. Anatomy in Vol. I of Terr. Moll. U.S.
On opening the head of Mesodon thyroides from above, one readily no- tices at the extreme anterior part, close against the outer integument, a prominent oval body.* This is called the buccal mass. It is easily cut away from the animal, and will be found to contain both jaw and lingual membrane. These can be removed by fine scissors or knives from the buccal mass in the larger species, but in the smaller species
*T must earnestly beg my readers to be deterred from this examination by no im- aginary difficulties. It is the simplest and easiest process. Indeed, the same may be said of examination of the complete anatomy. All that is required is to carry it on under water. The various organs are then readily separated.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 45
the method usually employed is putting the whole buccal mass in a watch crystal full of a strong solution of caustic potash. Allowing it to remain for several hours, the potash will destroy all of the buccal mass, and leave the jaw and lingual membrane perfectly clean and ready for examination. They remain attached if the solution is not too strong, showing a connection between the two. They must be well rinsed in clean water, in another watch crystal, before examination. Another more expeditious process is to place the whole buccal mass in a test-tube with the solution of potash, and boil it for a few seconds over a spirit lamp. Pouring the contents of the test-tube into a watch crystal, the lingual membrane attached to the jaw will be readily seen by a pocket lens. If the species be very small, as Patula striatella for instance, its whole body may be thrown into the solution. Still more minute species, as Zonites milium for instance, may be treated in this way: Crush the whole shell between two glass slides; wash away the particles of the broken shell in a few drops of water, still keeping the body of the animal on the slide ; when clean, drop on it the caustic potash, and boil it by holding the slide itself over the spirit lamp.
For the purpose of examination the jaw and lingual membrane may be simply mounted in water and covered with thin glass. One must be sure to spread out the lingual membrane, not have its upper side down, and it will be well to cut it transversely in several places, as the teeth are beautifully shown, and often stand detached, on the edges of the cut.
For preservation for future study the glycerine mounting fluids sold by the opticians will be found useful, though they have the great dis- advantage of deliquescing in warm weather.
The jaw and lingual membrane, having been mounted, must now be examined under the microscope.
The jaw will be found to vary greatly in its characters in the different genera. It is either in one single piece (Holognatha); in one single piece with an accessory quadrate piece attached to its upper margin (Llasmognatha) ; or in separate, detached pieces, free on their lower ed ges, usually soldered together into one single piece above (Goniognatha). It differs also in being with or without a median beak-like projection to its cutting edge; also in its ends being more or less acuminated ; but still more by the presence or absence of striz or rib-like processes on its anterior surface. When present, the ribs are found in every de- gree of development, passing quite across the jaw and denticulating one or both margins, or only.developed on the lower portion of the jaw
46 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
and crenellating the lower margin. The ribs are often almost obsolete, or represented by wrinkles or coarse strie. They are present on the anterior surface of the jaw only, or on both anterior and posterior sur- faces. They are distant, narrow, stout, few; or crowded, broad, stout, and numerous. Their number is within certain limits inconstant in the same species. They sometimes are very broad, and seem like separate plates soldered to the anterior surface of the jaw, or to be formed by a folding of the jaw upon itself. When this appearance of folding into plates is given, it will generally be found that the plait-like sections are actually separated by distinct but delicate ribs, When this form of ribs is found, they are either vertical or inclined obliquely towards the median line of the jaw. Sometimes this last arrangement is developed to such a degree that the delicate ribs meet before reaching the bottom of the jaw, and a triangular compartment is left at the upper center of the jaw, its base being upward. This form of jaw is usually. thin and membranous.
When the jaw is striated and not ribbed, the strie are vertical, or they converge towards the median line. There are often transverse striz also, and transverse lines of re-enforcement.
The upper margin of the jaw is often extended into a stout membra- nous attachment, apparently of the same material and consistency as the jaw itself, and showing the same continuity of structure by the strie of the jaw extending into it without interruption. This is not the accessory quadrate plate mentioned above.
The jaw is found in every degree of consistency, from very thick to quite membranous and almost transparent.
The cutting margin of the jaw is smooth, crenellated, or denticulated. It is simply concave, or furnished with a more or less developed beak- like median projection.
In shape the jaw ranges from scarcely arcuate, long, low, to horse- shoe-shaped, short, high.
It will be seen below that these peculiarities of the jaw, taken in con- nection with the characters of the lingual membrane, have till now appeared to furnish reliable characters for classification. It must be confessed, however, that exceptions to the usual constancy of char- acters have been noticed in some genera; sometimes the difference be- tween strive and ribs is difficult to determine ; sometimes the beak-like prominence is greatly modified by a simple median projection, In some
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 47
genera, for instance Dentellaria, the presence or absence of ribs on the jaw is not generic.
In placing the lingual membrane under the microscope, we at once perceive that it is (at least in most of our genera) a long,* narrow, rib- bon-like organ, whose whole surface is covered with numerous small tooth-like processes, whose reflected apices are pointed, the points di- rected towards the @sophagus, to which, as stated above, they serve to move the food, as well as to perform a rasp-like mastication. These teeth are arranged in two series of rows, one running longitudinally, the other transversely.
On careful examination it will be seen that all the teeth of each suc- cessive longitudinal row are of the same form,} but that there are sev- eral types of teeth in the different parts of each transverse row. Three of these types are found, the central tooth, the teeth on either side of the central, called laterals, and the teeth extending from the laterals
to the outer margins of the mem- brane, called marginals. The Two transverse rows of teeth of Strobila labyrinthica. change from the single central to the laterals is usually abrupt, but from the laterals to the marginals it is usually gradual, so that there are sev- eral teeth intermediate between the two, which may be called transition teeth. The transverse rows of teeth are similar on each side of the central tooth, so that it is necessary to figure only one-half of one transverse row, with its central tooth, to give an idea of the whole transverse row, or indeed, of the whole membrane, as all the longitudinal rows, as stated above, have Fic. 2. similar teeth. (See Fig. 3.)
These transverse rows differ § in the various genera as to their Ese direction—either straight, ob-
lique, or curving, or a combi-
One-half of one transverse row of teeth of Strobila nation of these directions. Lapa uniTae
Of the three types of teeth, central, lateral, and marginal, one or more nay be yannne. The number, however, is approximately con-
= *It i is very broad in Or Pa Tape (see Plate XVI of ee Moll., V), some ae genera of Achatmella, some Bulimuli, &c.; in some subgenera of Cylindrella it is very narrow. On this same plate I have given figures of the membranes of the various genera, with a line showing the direction of one transverse line of teeth.
+t Even in case of malformation this holds true. I have often found a misshapen or otherwise abnormal tooth repeated down the whole length of the membrane, or even that a tooth may be entirely wanting in its whole length,
48 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
stant in different individuals of the same,species, so that, as a specific character, the count of the teeth on one transverse row is usually given; thus in Zonites inornatus I find about 23-1-23 teeth; that is, 23 teeth on each side of the central tooth, making 47 teeth in the entire trans- verse row.
The characters of the individual teeth vary greatly in the various genera, especially in some of the genera foreign to our limits. In most cases, however, there are two distinct types of teeth, the quadrate and aculeate. The former is shown in my figure (Fig. 4). a, b, ¢, d, is the portion of the tooth which rests upon the membrane; I have called it the base of attachment. It varies in its proportional length, and in the greater or less expansion of the lower* lateral angles. The upper margin of this base of attachment is broadly reflected; e marks the reflected portion, which I term the reflection. It is usually tricuspid, the median cusp h being much longer than the side cusps ff. These last are subobsolete in some species. All the cusps are in most cases
Fie.:4. surmounted by distinct cutting points ;t iis the me- dian cutting point, g g the side cutting points. These os -g cutting points are not always present on the side
cusps, and, even when present, are sometimes not @ readily detected. Indeed, this is the most difficult incang | oth of Strephi@ 1 oint of study of the whole membrane. The cusps and cutting points vary in development in the various species, and somewhat so in different portions of the same membrane. It must also be borne in mind, while studying my figures of the teeth, that the median cutting point is flat on its lower surface, that is, the surface nearer the base of attachment; but from thence it first rises and ex-
Fi. 5. pands greatly at its sides, and then gradually decreases in
size as it still rises and arches over the top. Thus, under the microscope there are two planes prominently seen by changing the focus of the instrument—the plane of the low- est portion of the cutting point and the plane of its greatest expansion. In Fig. 5 the former is shown by dotted lines,
the latter by the continuous line. In my illustrations the
First lateral of former alone is given. I regret not having shown both, as Zonites fuligino- E : p . sus. done by Semper in Phil. Archip., especially as the plane Zs we = 20S °
*T use the terms upper and lower to describe the figure I give of the base of attach- | ment. More properly I should say anterior and posterior, to describe their position on the membrane, in reference to the head of the moving animal..
t The cutting points are shaded in my figures.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 49
of the greatest expansion often shows a lateral bulging representing the side cutting points in species deprived of distinct side cutting points.
The median cutting point, seen on the plane of its greatest expansion, as in my figure, appears to spring from the median cusp itself, as if it were not distinct from it. A great deal has still to be done in eluci- dating the true character of cusp and cutting point.
The other type of tooth, which I call aculeate (see Fig. 6), differs in not having a quadrate base of attachment, but usually one Fic. 6. of a somewhat sole-like form. Its upper margin is not reflected, but from its whole surface springs a single large cutting point, usually thorn-shaped, but some- times more spine-shaped. The apex of the cutting 5 point is sometimes bifid, or even trifid, even in the First marginal tooth same genus. of Zonites inornatus.
Of these two types, quadrate and aculeate, are all the teeth now known. Of the quadrate type many and dissimilar forms are known, but all have the quadrate base of attachment.
The characteristics of central, lateral, and marginal teeth are given under each genus or subgenus.
In the fifth volume of Terr. Moll. U. S., I have given a figure of the dentition of each species which I have examined. A reference to this figure is given in the descriptive part of this work. Under each genus are given figures necessary to illustrate the dentition of the genus. I give, however, figures here of the most usual types of dentition found in the genera furnished with quadrate marginal teeth.
(a) Lingual membranes with no side cusps or cutting points on any of the teeth, even the extreme marginals, are rarely, if ever, so found The nearest approach to this is in Mesodon Fie 7. thyroides, Wheatleyi, and clausus. I have (A i figured that of thyroides. It will be ob- hit is G served that the extreme tooth at the right has its cutting point bifid, and has a smal] gual dentition of Mesodon thyroides. side cutting point.
(b) The next form of dentition has the central and first laterals without developed ry side cusps or any cutting points, the outer a ay iy hd
icity \
laterals and marginals with them, such is
Fie. 8.
Z Lingual dentition of Patula Cumber- Patula Cumberlandiana, here figured. landiana. *
* The numbers indicate the position of the teeth from the central line of the mem- brane.
1749—Bull. 28——4
| 50 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
(c) We next find the same arrangement as in the last, but with the
Fic. 9. change from laterals to marginals made (= by the splitting of the inner cutting point, MQ 37 which continues to the extreme marginals. ble oes Of such I figure that of Arionta Diabloen- Lingual dentition of Arionta .
Diabloensis. Svs. (7?) We then have the form of dentition characterized by tricuspid Fic. 10. centrais, bicuspid laterals and marginals,
asin Ariolimax Hemphilli, all with cutting &) \X) Wy yoints 31 ae VTS l i mr
(e) Again, with centrals and laterals as
Lingual dentition of Ariolimax F E : Hemphilli. in the last, we have the form which is char- -acterized by having the inner cutting point of the marginals bifid. Such
Fig. 11. is Polygyra leporina, here figured. The
aa) outer cutting point in the extreme mar- wl R Up hie ginals is also bifid. 1
When the dentition of any genus is dif-
pra al dentition of Polygyra ferent from that of any of the above types, ‘a figure of its dentition is given in the text.
Fic. 11 a. The usual type of lingual mem-
, brane furnished with aculeate
marginal teeth is shown in the
accompanying figure of that of
Lingual dentition of Vitrinizonites latissimus. Vitrinizonites latissimus.
V.—CLASSIFICATION. Order PULMONATA.
Lingual membrane varying from short and broad to long and nar- row; teeth numerous, in numerous uniform transverse rows. Mouth usually with one or more horny jaws. Respiratory organ’in the form of a closed chamber lined with pulmonic vessels on the back of the animal and covered by the shell when present; edge of the mantle attached, the entrance to the air-chamber being through an opening in the side, closed by a valve. Operculum almost universally absent. Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation, generally ovi- parous, terrestrial, fluviatile, or marine, but respiring free air. Tenta- cles and eye-pedunceles retractile or contractile.
Shell varied in form, sometimes rudimentary or wanting.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 51
HKyes at the end of elongated peduncles or on the head of the animal.
The Pulmonata are usually divided into three suborders, Geophila, LTimnophila, and Thalassophila, names derived respectively from the comparatively terrestrial, fluviatile, and marine habits of the animals. These suborders are readily distinguished by the position of the eyes, either sessile or on peduncles, and the characters of the tentacles.
I have included in this volume only the species of the first suborder, though one species of the Limnophila, Carychium exiguum, is truly ter- restrial. It will be understood also that I do not include any gill-bear- ing genus, however terrestrial may be its habits. Thus I omit many genera included in Vols Il. and IV of Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States. For these see also Land and Freshwater Shells of N. A., Parts II and III.
Suborder GEOPHILA.
Eyes at the tips of elongated, cylindrical peduncles; tentacles retract- ile or contractile, cylindrical, shorter than, and placed under, the eye- peduncles, sometimes very small or wanting. Operculum never present in the adult. Animal usually terrestrial.
The Pulmonata have been developed into their present state so irregularly that no system of classification has been proposed which is at all satisfactory. It is, however, necessary to adopt one in the fol- lowing pages.
I have followed, therefore, the general arrangement of the Geophila suggested by Dr. P. Fischer (Manuel de Conchyliologie) as far as the grouping into families, because it is the most recent and one of the few which include the naked genera. In treating of genera I still follow the second edition of Albers’ “‘ Die Heliceen,” by Von Martens, except- ing that I treat his subgenera of Helix as full genera.
The characters on which generic distinction is founded are the ex- ternal form of the animal, whether slug-like, as in Limaz, or snail-like, as in Helix ; the position of the mantle, anterior, central, or posterior, whether naked, inclosing some form of internal shell, or protected by an external more or less developed shell; the presence or absence of longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, meeting over a cau- dal mucus pore; the presence or absence of a distinct locomotive disk to the foot; the position of the external respiratory and generative ori-
52 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
fices ; finally, by the absence or presence and character of the jaw, and the character of the lingual dentition.
When a genus is numerous in’ species I have, for the sake of conven- ience, adopted sections or subgenera, founded on special features of the shell, such as the absence or presence of internal lamin or tooth like processes within the aperture.
In treating the species I have recognized a wide range of varia- tion rather than distinct specific weight in the differences one observes among numerous individuals. It must especially be borne in mind that there is always a great difference in size in individuals of the Same species, in the comparative elevation of the spire, globoseness of the body whorl, absence or presence of tooth-like process on the pari- etal wall of the aperture, closing of the umbilicus, &c. And it must freely be acknowledged that individuals are frequently met with which cannot satisfactorily be identified, so nearly are they related to several species.
Dr. Fischer divides the Geophila thus :
MONOTREMATA.
Common or contiguous external male and female orifice.
Agnatha.—No jaw.
Gnathophora.—Holognatha: Jaw without accessory piece. Elasmo- gnatha: Jaw with accessory piece.
DITREMATA.
External male and female orifice widely separated.
Terrestria.—Terrestrial in habit.
Aquatica.—Marine.
I have modified the descriptions of Fischer where it has seemed nec- essary to me to do so.
A.—MONOTREMATA. AGNATHA. Family TESTACELLID®.
Animal limaciform or heliciform; no jaw; lingual membrane greatly developed, surrounding a powerful muscle, formed of oblique rows of elongated, narrow, aculeate teeth.
Glandina.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 53
HOLOGNATHA.
Family SELENITIDA.
Animal limaciform, with internal shell plate, or heliciform. No caudal mucus pore. Jaw with or without median projection to cutting edge; no ribs. Lingual membrane with arched rows of teeth. Central tooth small, rudimentary; laterals greatly developed or wanting; marginals aculeate, unicuspid, like those of Glandina.
Jaw of Limacida, with lingual membrane of Testacellide.
Macrocyclis.*
Family LIMACID 4.
Naked, with external shell plate, or protected by an external shell partially covered by the mantle, or entirely covered by an external shell, with or without caudal mucus pore. Jaw arched, without ribs, with median projection to cutting edge. Lingual membrane with hori- zontal rows of teeth, or slightly oblique; central tooth tricuspid, central cusp long and slender; laterals of same height as centrals, bicuspid or tricuspid, but in latter case furnished with an obsolete inner cusp; mar- ginal teeth differing from the laterals, aculeate, unicuspid or bicuspid.
Limax. Vitrina. Zonites. Vitrinizonites.
Family PHILOMYCIDA.
Animal limaciform. Mantle covering whole body; jaw with or with- out anterior ribs, and median projection to cutting edge; lingual mem- brane of Helicidz; no shell.
Tebennophorus.
Family HELICIDA.
Animal limaciform or bearing a variously formed shell, with or without caudal mucus pore. Jaw of varioustypes. Lingual membrane generally with horizontal rows of teeth. Centrals unicuspid or tricuspid,
*The name Selenites is suggested by Fischer to distinguish the North American species from the true Macrocyclis, which he places among the Helicidw, Baudonia being preoccupied.
54 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of same size as laterals; laterals unicuspid, bicuspid, or tricuspid, but with inner cusp obsolete; marginals quadrate, low, wide.
Patula. Triodopsis. Microphysa. Mesodon. Hemitrochus. Acanthinula. Helicodiscus. Vallonia. Arion. Fruticicola. Ariolimax. Dorcasia. Prophysaon. Turricula. Binneya. Aglaja. Hemphillia. Arionta. Strobila. Glyptostoma. Gonostoma. Euparypha. Polygyra. Tachea. Polygyrella. Pomatia. Stenotrema.
Family BULIMULID. :
Animal heliciform; jaw thin with delicate distant ribs, giving the ap- pearance of being formed of folds imbricated outwards, either vertical or oblique, and forming at the center of the jaw an acute angle with those of the opposite side. Lingual membrane of Helix, or peculiar by the elongation and incurvation of the inner cusp of the lateral teeth.
Bulimulus. .
Family CYLINDRELLIDA.
Jaw thin, with delicate distant ribs, giving the appearance of being formed of oblique folds angular on the center; lingual membrane nar- row ; central tooth very narrow; lateral teeth with very large, obtuse, rounded, palmate cusps; outer cusp short and small; marginal teeth quadrate, sometimes short and rudimentary, sometimes resembling on a smaller scale the laterals. Shell turriculated, many whorled, last whorl more or less detached ; apex often truncated.
Cylindrella. Macroceramus.
Family PUPIDZ.
Jaw smooth or finely striate, lower margin with or without projec- tion. Sometimes reinforced with a superior arched appendage, like |
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 55
forming a double jaw, and to be compared to the accessory plate of the jaw of Succinea; lingual membrane of Helix; central tooth of same form and usually of same size as the laterals, tricuspid ; marginal teeth quadrate, wide, low, denticulated. Shell generally multispiral, elon- gated, conic, or cylindrical; aperture small, often narrowed by internal teeth or lamelle.
Pupa.
Vertigo.
Strophia.
Holospira.
Family STENOGYRID.
Jaw ribbed or finely wrinkled, thin, arched; lingual membrane with extremely small central tooth; lateral teeth tricuspid; central cusp long and narrow; side cusps of subequal length; marginal teeth quadrate, very low, wide, tricuspid or multifid. Shell generally elongated, poly- gyral, shining, translucent or calcareous, striate; apex more or less obtuse; peristome simple, rarely reflected; columella often truncated or plicated.
Stenogyra s. g. Rumina, Opeas, Melaniella. Ferussacia. Cecilianella.
Family ORTHALICID &.
Jaw thick, solid, composed of a median triangular piece, with base corresponding to upper margin of jaw, and near the apex of which con- verge on either side oblique imbricated plates, free below, adherent above. Lingual membrane with oblique rows of teeth. Central and lateral teeth with quadrangular base, with central cusp more or less obtuse, generally very much expanded, with rudimentary side cusps; marginal teeth quadrate, of same type. External, Bulimus-like shell.
Orthalicus. Liguus.
ELASMOGNATHA.
Family SUCCINID 2.
Tentacles but little developed or wanting. Jaw surmounted by an accessory quadrangular plate. Central tooth of the lingual mem- brane tricuspid, of the same size as the laterals, which are tricuspid
56 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
or bicuspid, of the type of the Helicide. Marginal teeth quadrate, with narrow base, multicuspid reflection, serrate by the splitting of the inner cusp into numerous denticles. Shell external or internal, very thin, transparent, spiral. : Succinea. B.—DITREMATA.
TERRESTRIA. Family VERONICELLIDA.*
Animal essentially terrestrial. Body limaciform, covered with a cori- aceous mantle, not distinct from general integument; head retractile into an anterior cavity; the eye-peduncles cylindrical, the tentacles bifid. Genital orifices widely separated, that of the male behind the right tentacle, the female on the lower surface of the body, near the right margin of the foot, about the center of its length. Anal and re- spiratory orifices on the lower surface of the body, slightly to the right: Genital system with numerous multifid vesicles. Jaw slightly arcuate, with numerous vertical ribs. Lingual membrane with horizontal rows of teeth. Centrals narrow, unicuspid, with expanded sides; laterals large, obscurely tricuspid; median cusp sharp and long; marginals with quadrate base, short, triangular, unicuspid; no shell.
Veronicella. AQUATICA.
Family ONCHIDITIDA.
Animal living near the sea-shore or in estuaries and covered by the tide. Body limaciform, oval; eye-peduncles, but no tentacles; large buccal appendages. Mantle thick, more or less tuberculous above. Genital orifices widely separated, male orifice slightly to the rear of the right eye-peduncle, female orifice on the infero-posterior part of body. Anal and respiratory orifices on the center of the posterior end of under side. Jaw entirely smooth or lightly wrinkled, only known in Onchi- della. Rows of teeth on the lingual membrane oblique at center, hor- izontal at edges; central tooth tricuspid, lateral teéth and marginals with guadrate base, razor-shaped; base long and with cutting point narrow; median cusp truncated and very long; no shell.
* Fischer uses Vaginulidaw, but that name must be reserved for the agnathous genus, the true Vaginula.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
VI—SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
PULMONATA GEOPHILA. A.—MONOTREMATA.
AGNATHA.
Family TESTACELLID.
Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea ....--.-.----- 347 CRUTCH IDOL eo see tae sete 348 decussata, Desh .....--.-222.2...- 351 Ualincan Glens he. set ee Us 350 ROP USL NP LD ere ae eal ee es 351
HOLOGNATHA., Family SELENITIDZA.
Macrocyclis Vancowverensis, Lea .....-..--- 82
Sportella, Gld 2-222 see sn5 oe = 83 Hemphill, WG. 'B-2.)..--2\:2-- 85 concava, Say.--.--.----- a soem 199 WVOvyanaeNewGreess m= cas anacee 84 DuUrdantieNewe weccescesseces oe 85 Family LIMACID.
TRINA MUUTUNNUS LAM! sao = haychc oes aissdm fh cicls ce 450 ENNIS WGN ara clas gins aya nian ayy arave ei 451 GOMES US NT UILLTS SEP ctepa te a care Mbeya oN 453 COMMESURUS EAN seas ia eee eye eres 237 Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper ..........--- 88 MLONULCNUS.< UN Fei duns aeiscmceclesisesacs 163 RUPETOOTEUS IW OBL coc + oo =) dome ce 2c 272
Zonites Mesomphix.
COMITOUGS Wien rena: eee ese Semin 205 FRueligunosuse Grit. -c4< 5-25 ooneee ces 207 SRULDULES Vian Grs 13) Brelsiouia ce eee ciee are 208 COAILCUS CAT aa scant aoe selena ae 352 lerigaiis pete: seme sate teens 209 EMER SOB Nie eee tem mene hates 212 VIG CTL a CONV iain ioe ees a aestoia aio es os 213 RIUCRLED URS PIM) ae cr seysisa eine As ee soe 214 BIO MAILS NPNAM ce uum msee tei eis 216 tecgeli.! Weis Bie eee bean 211 RROTA OMEN SAV ech ena et so citar. 217 BCULDALIS. BIANG oso soe oS a aes aa cee 218 PMOL INOUE ts eben etonce cose 219 CENUMLOULCUS AN DD tories sees con ccee 353 Hyalinia. CEU Nina Le eee a eee ala 448 Whitmer NOwGressseaeccocw ee asl se 86 PEEL NCS) WLR oS annoy eal si aCe. 60 ODOT EUS Saye 2 ene ain ayy rile 61 EEL OAEL UR ONC Se) cual yee een 64 TC ETULCHS, I Savy oo neu ie tel ee oe e tae ae 62 Wiheatieyis Bs tsimd! 2 eye Nasi ie Ol 222 Petropruusrblang ssaseeses a eal ae 223 limatulus: Ward) oo. ease ee 220 mainusculus; Binn..--.22.2-..25.22-- 63 Minn, (NIOTSB) st sees ease ste kek 66 Binneyanus, Morse. 2222.2 3.228.. 180 PErvewe VVOTSG)aseaac ses auw ta cnwasee.« 181
eapsella Gl dios sie RU eee Na placentula, Shuttl Conulus.
PULVUSHID TAD = seta eek swe a on le HODTICt. PROC KH ee see ene ee sas Gundlachi, Pfr Gastrodonta. Gublamisy Siuyy ee eee Ss SUPPTESEUS, SAY 2 ooae eee es cuspidatus, Lewis -22220 22... 3..2.. AAT C10 84, \| Nien Gre ise eet ee ea PACU ENTUSS STi sees eine eh ine ala SIN lasmodon, Phillips signijicans, Bland ......-.........-. internua, Say 222 Pies ee multidentatus, Binn .......--....--. Vitrinizonites latissimus, Lewis Vitrina limpida, Gould Angelice, Beck PLAGETI NOWG)- ee sos eee eh exis Mor! a. cansiee ae deta e)
Family PHILOMYCIDZ.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Bose dorsalis, Binn ---...2...521.. Wetherbyi, W.G. B..-....2.. Hempiili, Wi. G. B..2.--.--
\
Family HELICID®. Patula solitaria, Say-.--2..---2...2.-22.. 00. SUTUGOSAY Gio ate cmaee nee Cee e aah ae Hempniuli NOWwO. ce se ceee een Idahoensis, Newe CULEPNELO Say) oer i we Cumberlandiana, Lea perspectiua, Say. J... 2... deen ence ‘Bryanti, Warpericas. 5.2225.) 20. struatella, -Anth) “Ss see ee Se alee
ORD OTS ILO Te: 1 eee aac he ne FOTIA Dee ee eae asteriscus, IMOTSO8 SURED inane hay Mierophysa inerustata, Pfr DOTLEL EDT ecient enie epee
Lansingi, Bland.-......-..22..-
Ingersolli, Bland
Stearnsi, Bland. .-.-......2..-.-
DU QRTUEE Cs sD) Tiana ia ena saree a Hemitrochus varians, Mke Helicodiscus lineatus, Say ..........-..-.--- Jimbriatus, Weth PAVELOTUNFUBCUS MUTI sen see ee ieee aM 0) WO lLO LTE e GTO aya T ee cp aires ie arse. Ariolimaxz Columbianus, Gld..:........---- Californicus, J. G. Coop.....-.-.-
57
Page,
181
87 221 221 222
179 353
224 225 226 228 227 227 228 229 183 231 1i7 178
88 178
241 244 246 247
254 163 168 168 258 258 260 260
69 187 169 186 305
58
Page,
Ariolimaz niger, J. G. Coop..-...-...-..--- 100 wHempilln, Wi. Ge Baeses-tanene ee 102 Andersoni, WG. Bes sess. ose at 102 Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bland & Binn ..-.-- 105 Binneya notabilis, J. G. Coop .--..--.------ 108 Hemphillia glandulosa, Bland & Binn...--- Ili Strobila labyrinthica, Say .....--..--.------ 264 Hubbards, Browi 2: 2-2-4526 ses6- 359 Gonostoma Yatesi, J. G. Coop.-...--------- 113 Polygyra auriculata, Say.---..-..--..--.--- 361 uvulifera, Shuttl ..-..........-- 2© 1362 auriformis, Bland .......2...-2-<- 363 Postelliana, Bland .:.---.-2+...... 364
espilocad, Ray is- .2-5-2-3.5.2ses6- 366
QUOTR, SAYS. ~ --S eo wseee eee sess 366
MERU OSILG, (PIP). 3.02 Jes deneeee te oe 367 Finds Pit 532 eet eee ee 368: Texasiana, Moricand ...........-. 369 triodontoides, Bland -.........--.. 370 Mooreana, W. G. Binn.....-..... 370 heppocrepis--e it 222-2 cee eee sees) KON JSastigans, L. W. Say .--.--...-.-.. 270 Jackson; Bland sca.cse eee eee 373 Troostana, ea ion -eee me ese sere 268
Hazara Bland ee eeaceesee ees 267
oppilata, Moricand .............. 373 Dorfeuilliana, Lea .........--..-. 374
var. Sampsoni, Wetherby.--. 375
ATONE, Pit sco eee se eke 376 septemvolva, Say .--.....-.-.---.- 376
cereotus| Man fovea saeco ree 379 Carpenteriana, Bland ............ 380
Pehigert, Dianus cess esate eee 381
gristula. ORR os scieas ase eee cee 382 pustiloides wDlanderes ac5seneee eee 383 leporinag, \Gldien Nene -4ee os on ase k 266 Harfordiana, J. G. Coop.-...--.. 114 Polygyrella polygyrella, Bld. & J.G. Coop.. 172 Stenotrema spinosum, Lea............-..... 273 labrosum, Bland ...............-- 274 Edgarianum, Lea...-.....---.--- 274
CHODATOSt HLA sass eee ed 275 barbigerum, Redf.............-- 276 stenotremum, Fér..........-..-- 277
hirsutum, Say -..-...-----.-.0-- 278 maxillatum, Gld...........-.... 280
monodon, Rack: 2. ..2.2.65--2: 280 germanum, Gld ......-..--..... 114
Triodopsis palliata, Say .....--.----..-..--. 284 OLStTICED, SAY un o.oo as coe sea sen 286
QD PERI, SRY on pase ene ees 287
ANlCCLE, DBY) sac, eeasene tates anes 289
Rugeli, Shuttle. =: ses. -tseens 290 tsidentata, Says. ssc weer esee 291
Devettet; Bland’. a522 se saceee secs 385
Jallam, Say ise she. c oe sn Ben eee 292 imtroferens, Bland ..-..-........- 293 Hopetonensis, Shuttl ............ 384
Van Nostrandi, Bland.......-...- 294
Copet, Wetherby..-.-.--..--..--. 388
piltuosa® Gldicc. ceesae sees eons 386
var. Henriette, Mazycik ..-... 387
lomieata, (GIG 2 22. fge cusses epenee 115
Mesodon major, Binn . 22.04... j.ceneseeseeos 297 GOO Ab TIB, BBY oe oS asa asec tone 298
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Mesodon Andrewst, W.'G. Bi2:--.-caccesece 301 divestite: ‘Gldi.c sete ene eee eee 390 multilineatus, Say .--..------.---- 302 Pennsylvanicus, Green ...--.------ 304 Mitchellianus, Lea .--..--.- Wee a 305 Clevatus Say sss. eee oe eeienere 306 Olarkiy Leas cc sucacanseeeenaeerae 307 Ohristyt, Bland 22-2222 -5.2-45--6- 308 exoletus\ Binns oe caccene aoe eee 309 Wheatleyt, Bland «2. -525.-5-s-22< 311 dentiferus, Bint 22sec eee 312 Roémeri, Pit. 2-252 -22te ec eeneeaee 389 Wetherbyt, Bland’. 2 ..-2-2 2... 2. 813 thyroides:, Say. Seuss aceiemeneeeeee 313 clauses Say 4-5-2 ais sins ete a ee 315 Columbianus, Lea. 22 Jes e-ceccn. 116 Downieanus, Bland .......------ = SIT Lani, Lewisie. sot seeks tease esas 317 FEJUNUSASBY) ote elect ore se eee 390 denis; Gldie si eceme keane ome 118
var. Mullani, Bland .....-...- 119 Profundis; SAY ----<2--r5-sececeee 318 Sagytt. inn 226222 ce eat eat aes 319
var. Chilhoweensis, Lewis. -..- 320
Acanthinula harpa, Say-..----.---.--------- 185
Vallonia pulchella, Miuill.....-.....----.---- q7
Priuticieola hispida, Wie - oa s-2 sae eae 464
vefesceng, Penn: . -.6-so-.tt-ccese 464
Dorcasia Berlandieriana, Mor ..--..--..---- 393 PTISEOLM, EAT awe cicadas setae 394
Turricula terrestris, Chemn..-....-----.----- 465
Aglaja jidelis; Graves. locos as-eeea eee 121
Anjumaia, | Gl@. <2 epee een eesae = 123 Hillehrandi, NOwG~ 22.3240 «=5s5s-5 124
Arionta artusa, Gld .-.--- saabant CBee sees 126
Townsendiand, Lea ....--.--------- 128
var. piychophora-.----2-.-<«-- 128 exarate, PLE: . -35-28s.8eee sees ee Californiensis, Lea...-..------.-.-- 130
var. Nickliniana, Lea ........-. 131
var. ramentosa, Gld..-..-.----- 133
var. Bridgesi, Newc..-.--------. 134 antercisa, WG. Bisicscuesssesecee: 137 Ayrestana, NOwG == “222.2 s0-s-2=2 138 Mormonum, Pir 2552225 ees 140
var. circumcarinata, Stearns... 142 Praskt NOW o='s0s8oe2skt ee eeeees 143 Oarpentert, (NOWG\ece- ase eee eee 144 sequotcola, Cooper. ...-...--.------- 146 Dupetithouarst, Desh ...--.-.------- 145 tudveulata: Binn’ 2252 -e5se-ssasaees 139 rujicincta, NOWG ....-=..+.----+--.- 147 Gabi; News 22s. sncn-s eee enes 148 REGGIE OL DOS. sc. o2 2c cone ne eeese ee 149 Stearnsiana, Gabb ...---.-..-.----- 151
Glyptostoma Newberryanum, W.G.Binn..-. 158
Euparypha Tryoni, Newe .----.------------ 155
Pachea hortensis, Mall .. -2--- 22-2 nse < ctecane 467
Pomatia aspersa, Mull...............---.--- 470
Family BULIMULID.
Bulimulus serperastrus, Say.--..---.--.---- 403
multitineatus, Say..-..--.------- 404 Dermani, W.'G. Biziaae- onesie ne = 406
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 59
Bulimulus Marielinus, Pfr -.-.....--.------
EGTA AUS MET sate eaters patriarcha, W.G. B-+.--.------- altermatus: Say-neseee osm aec = ISCHRCMECOILUS Ee Son oa srt CCULBOTU ISA) nee ws om esis =
Family CYLINDRELLID.
Oylmdreltia Pocyana, Pir’. .-5.-. 2s. =\------
Gojira soleus
Macroceramus pontificus, Gld.........------
Grosse tre ces ccincecelieaii
Family PUPIDA.
Pupa Pupilla.
MNAULSEORUIN 1 Maleate aie ia onal = ot eicleloinis wneelenve BATE M OLRO neat ee aoe an eeema sonnei FLO aut MEUM se ae Grasse cio eee a etstercciem< DATLOLOSC GiGi sess e cone es eels cics soe PETMOCGT SAY) =n ape ae aay asi es ECONO Gl Cute se eee oe arate Bye Meiaic\ sie\s conpiLlenta, MOTSO:) 27-3 - eulccensice es SHOW INGW.GY oco< Staak ae sacecctons Californica, Rowell. ..........+.-.-.-- Leucochila. POU CL ISA oss cints na sie aes anna actos DROOLCON Gl ae en aon too nae eaters ATIZONENs s GabDiess=-s6sesceleceeswse hondedced. (Gapp. 2: sassckeeaceseasse CMU CRA SRY Sco h sera a Nae Bele ase te COMMACLO SAY) ons = Jah cian cckoetocee ne WALDUCOLO, NAY) =a nals cee mine aes ceicenie st CONECOTION SAY oases oe ae eis MDCUALCTON PTT ya aie aici e = ice sisi sinicieieie Se Ronee MOL asa .See eee shies aces aliicola AM oe isco siocalon) eee ainelce ee
ETI GOGOULAt INN rae ae sams eike sees ene
Bollesiana, Morse =5.\-.sseecss62 525% TUT GAC eee eee ipso oes eeecee CUOMO Uy eoneaes Sie Ree ave saws cao DENIRCOSA. PMOTSO Jans -)e eels <loe es SUM DCL Glas cence sec scele cle esise
Strophiaineand, Binn ...2-.4.2-2--ss2--05- WET OLOspITG LOemert. Pll .ca2 sis kes otccscse se
Goldjussy, Piri seis acneees soe
Family STENOGYRIDZ.
Stentogyra Rumina.
decollata Mas ese taaeaicecctee Se Opeas. BUDULO ELT e ecteee nc veal ociclaaeelei=>
Page.
Stenogyra octonoides, Ad .....-...--.------- 425
Melaniella.
QRicilid, Pires center elmer) -.=)= 426 Ferussacia subcylindrica, L...-..-.----.----- 194 Cecilianella acicula, Mill -....-..---------- 429
Family ORTHALICIDA.
Liguus fasciatus, Mull...-...-....-.---.---- 432 Orthalicus undatus, Brug .--.------.-------- 438 ELASMOGNATHA.
Family SUCCINIDA.
Succmea Haydeni, WG. Bsss-----<52--- -= 196 TEULSA MICA casts cnc ueeiseesiee sess 337 Stulumane, Bland ese asee ceases eee 157 ovalis, Gld., not Say --.-.-.---..-- 338 Higginsi, Bland ...---.........--- 198 Ooncordialis, Gld\ === 2=-.---- ee a (44d: luteola,|Gldisse eS sa45 ee eee 441 lineatas Wi. G.Binti gases seco eee eee 174 QUOT, SAN nce ceaisanainiees celnaa soe 339 Stretchiand, Blandise. 2222 ..ce.cese 158 VermiiiiBlandecenessse sss seeeee 197 Cured! Wear sssacc sess tee ere 340 Groenlandica, Beck: = =.=. 5-..-=-- 197 ODUQUG SAN «cs satcoala cele asetaete eee 341 Totteniana, Lea=-- =< tise. ss-0css+= 198 COMP CSUTMBN SAN saa cme is sain ons 443 Hawkins, Bland seaee seeeeeeeeee 158 musticand \GlGe ase Nae 159 NULLAULONO GGA ance ma ee eee 159 OVegonensts Wed sen on cele omni eas 160 effusa, Shuttl ......-.....-.. Seater 442 Salleand Pir = sss Ss5--nlseeoee ne 443 Hateana seas 225 saat wes see 343 MOOT esas ens serene eens nee 344 GRosvenory Wun nsoneee seca esac 344 Wrilsont;, Meas tos eea sek oem a 344
B.—DITREMATA. TERRESTRIA.
Family VERONICELLIDZ.
Veronicella Floridana, Binn .--.-...---..--.-- 446 olivacea, Stearns.--..-..-.--..--- 160 AQUATICA.
Family ONCHIDIIDZ.
Onchidella Carpenteri, W.G.B....-.------- 163
Dorcas Dalle eee seeace elas 162
60 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
VII—DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
a. UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES.
Family LIMACIDZE.
ZONITES. (See below.) Zonites nitidus, MULLER.
Shell orbicular, depressed, moderately convex above and concave Fic.12. below, thin, shining, uniform brownish horn-color, with delicate striz of growth; whorls 5 or more, convex, sep- arated by a deeply impressed suture, the outer one dispro- portionately large, somewhat declining as it approaches the aperture, and obtusely angular at the periphery, beneath iN excavated around a broad, crateriform umbilicus, in which
Z.nitidus. the whorls are displayed to the apex; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome simple, its basal margin arcuate. Greater diameter 74, lesser 6™™; height, 33™™.
Helix nitida, MULLER, Hist. Verm., ii, 32, &¢.—PFEIFFER, Mon., ii, 94.
Helix lucida, DRAPARNAUD, Moll. Fr., 103, pl. vili, figs. 11, 12.—BINNEy, Terr. Moll., ii, 233, pl. xxii a, fig. 2.—W. G. BINNEY, Ter. Moll., iv, 116.
Helix hydrophila, INGALLS in coll., unpublished.
Hyalina nitida, TRYon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 250 (1866).—W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.- W. Sh., i, 31, figs. 35, 36 (1869).
Zonites nitidus, W. G. BINNEY. T.M. U.S., v, 113.
A European species. Found at Great Slave Lake, Fort Resolu- tion, in British America, and in New York and Ohio. Also in Baldwin County, Alabama. I believe, therefore, that it will be found to in- habit all of the Eastern Province, if not the whole North American continent ; also in Astoria, Oreg., which confirms this statement. It is also found in Japan, and thus, like fulvus, may be considered one of the cireumpolar species common to the three continents.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane: see Lehmann, Lebenden Schnecken, &c., p. 72, Plate X, Fig. 23, for description and figure of the European form. In a specimen from Baldwin County, Alabama, I find 25-1-25 teeth, with 5 laterals (T. M., V, Plate III, Fig. A, the left-hand figure is an ex- treme marginal). Lehmann gives 28-1-28.
The specimen examined had the dart-sac and dart described in the European form.
o> —"
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. Zonites arboreus, Say.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex, thin, pellucid; epidermis amber-colored, smooth, shining; whorls 4-5, with F's. 13. very minute, oblique striz, apparent when viewed with the Gey microscope; aperture transversely rounded; peristome thin, acute; umbilical region indented ; umbilicus moderate, well fw developed, round, and deep. Greater diameter 5, lesser“ y
4imm ; height, eee Z. arboreus.
Helix arborea, Say, Nich. Encye., pl. iv, fig. 4; BinNEy’s ed. 5, pl. Ixxii, fig. 5 (1816, 1818, 1819).—EaTON, Zool. Text- book, 193 (1826).—BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ili, 422, pl. xxii, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 235, pl. xxix, fig. 3.—Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll., 30, pl. ii, fig. 10 (1843).—GouLp, Invertebrata, 182, fig. 110 (1841).—ApaAms, Vermont Mollusca, 160 (1842).—PreIFreR, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 95.—CHEMNITZ, 2d ed., ii., 114, Tab. Ixxxv, figs. 33-35.—REEVE, Con. Icon., 733.—W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 116.—Morsg, Amer. Nat., i, 542, fig. 30 (1867).
Helix Ottonis, PFEIFFER, olim, Weigm. Arch., 1840, i, 251.—Brnnry, Terr. Moll., ii. 238, pl. xxix a, fig. 3.—W. G. BINNEY, T. M., iv, 117.
Hyalina arborea, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc.,i, 14, fig. 28, pl. vi, fig. 29 (1864).—TryoNn, Amer. Journ. Concnh., ii, 251 (1866).—GouLpD and BINNEY, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 396 (1870).—W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 33 (1869).
Hyalina Ottonis, TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 251 (1866).
Helix Breweri, NEWCOMB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 118 (1864).
Hyalina Breweri, TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 250, pl. iv, fig. 27 (1866).—W. G. BInneEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 43, p. 66 (1869).
Zonites arboreus, W. G. B., T. M. U.S., v, 114.
From Labrador to Texas, and on the Rio Chama, and Fort Wingate, in New Mexico; from Florida to Great Slave Lake; also in Washoe County, Nevada; in Montana; the Pacific Province from British Co- lumbia to San Diego along the Coast Range. It may thus be said to inhabit all North America. It is also said to be found in Cuba; also in Guadeloupe.
Jaw arcuate, narrow, with curving, pointed ends; lower margin smooth, with a wide median projection; upper margin with a corre- sponding depression.
Lingual membrane with 82 rows of 21-1-21 teeth (Morse). My speci- men (T. M., V, Plate III, Fig. F) has about 16-1-16, with 5 perfect laterals. There are distinct side cusps as well as cutting points to the central and lateral teeth.
Animal: head, neck, and eye-peduncles blackish or indigo blue; up- per parts bluish; posterior whitish, transparent, sometimes wholly white. Foot thin and narrow. It has the longitudinal furrows, but on account of the transparent tissue of the foot, I find it difficult to dis- tinguish any caudal pore.
62 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Fic.14. Helix Breweri seems to me synonymous with arboreus, but => the description and figure from ‘Land and Freshwater NY Shells” is here repeated.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, shining, surface un- broken by the wrinkles of growth, very light horn-color, spire H. Breweri.Searcely elevated; whorls 4, flattened, the last depressed, shelving towards its base; umbilicus moderate; aperture transversely
lunar; peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 5™™; height, 24™™. Near Lake Tahoe, California.
Fig. 14 is drawn from an authentic specimen.
Z. arboreus is said by Gwynn Jeffreys to be nearly allied to the Eu- ropean Z. excavatus (Ann. Mag. N. H., 1872, 245).
Zonites indentatus, Say.
an Shell subperforated, flattened, thin, pellucid; epidermis cw >) highly polished, corneous; whorls rather more than 4, rap- So idly enlarging, with regular, subequidistant, radiating, im-
pressed lines, which on the body-whorl extend to the center
ics” Of the base, outer whorl expanding towards the aperture; 2. indentatus suture well impressed; aperture rather large, transverse; peristome simple, acute, very thin, at its inferior extremity terminat- ing at the center of the base of the shell; umbilicus none, but the um-
bilical region is indented. Greater diameter 5, lesser 44™™; height Qjimm,
Helix indentata, Say, Journ. Acad., ii, 372 (1822); BINNEY’s ed., 24.—BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 415, pl. xxii, fig. 3 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 242, pl. xxix, fig. 2.—DkE Kay, N. Y. Moll., 31, pl. iii, fig. 26 (1843).—GouLp, Invert., 181, fig. 109 (1841).—Apams, Vt. Moll., 160 (1842).—CHEMNITz, 2d ed., i, 21, pl. xxxiv, figs. 12-15.—PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 59.—REEVE, Con. Icon., 730 (1852).—W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 119.—Morsr, Amer. Nat., i, 413, fig. 28 (1867).
Hyalina subrupicola, DAuu., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of Terr., vol. iii, No. 1, p. 163, fig., April 5, 1879.
Hyalina indentata, Morsk, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 12, fig. 21; pl. ii, fig. 11; pl. v, fig. 22 (1864).—TryoON, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 246, 411 (1866).—W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 35, fig. 45 (1869).—GoULD and BINNEY, Invert. of Mass., ed. 2, p. 398 (1870).
Zonites indentatus, W. G. BINNEY, T. M. U.S., v, 116.
Inhabits all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Canada to Texas, and from Dakota to Florida. Also the Central Province, having been found in Utah, and I doubt not its eventually being found also over the Pacific Province, especially on the mountains. It is also said to occur in St. Domingo and Porto Rico.
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 63
Animal bluish black on the upper parts; margin and posterior ex- tremity lighter. A distinct caudal mucus pore. A variety with an open umbilicus issometimes Fic. 16.
found (Fig. 17). Jaw somewhat arcuate, long, narrow, ends
i _ Jdawof Z.indentatus. (Morse.) somewhat attenuated, pointed; concave margin
smooth, with a slightly developed, broad medium projection. — F'- 17- Lingual membrane very broad, with 53 rows of 79 teeth
each (39-1-39); another membrane had 38-1-38, also with
3 perfect laterals; centrals tricuspid, the median cusp very
G2) large and longer than the base of attachment; laterals 3 a
only on each side, bicuspid, arranged in a straight transverse
row; marginals aculeate (Plate III, Fig. G, of Terr. Moll., V). eee Genitalia not observed. As the description and figures of Hyalina subrupicola are not easy of
access, I have copied them in the supplement to Terr. Moll. U.S., V.
Zonites mimusculuas, Binney.
Shell umbilicated, minute, depressed-convex; epidermis nea: whitish ; whorls 4, convex, not increasing rapidly in diam- ae
eter, with microscopic wrinkles; suture very distinctly im- pressed; aperture nearly circular; peristome thin, acute;
umbilicus large, not spread, deep, and exhibiting the volu- Z. eae tions; base rounded, columella with a thin callus. Greater diameter 24, lesser 24™™; height, 1™™.
Helix minuscula, BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 435, pl. xxii, fig. 4 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 221, pl. xvii, fig. 2, exel. syn.—Apams, Vt. Moll., 161 (1842).— CHEMNITZ, 2d ed., ii, 112, Tab. lxxxv, figs. 20-23.—PFEIFFER, Symbol., ii, 33; Mon., i, 114.—REEVE, Con. Icon., 731 (1852).—W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 102.—Morsg, Amer. Nat., i, 543, fig. 35 (1867).
Helix minutalis, MORELET, nec Fir., Test. Nov., ii, 7.
Helix apex, ADAMS, Contr. Conch., 36.—REEVE, 1. ¢. 339.
Helix Lavelleana, D’ORBIGNY,Moll. Cub. in text, 161, excl. pl. (1853).
Helix Mauriniana, D’ORBIGNY, |. ¢. in pl. viii, figs. 20-22, excl. text.
Pseudohyalina minuscula, Morsx, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 16, fig. 34, pl. vii, fig. 35 (1864),.— TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 264 (1866).
Hyalina minuscula, W. G. Brynry, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 37 (1869).
Zonites minusculus, FISCHER and CRossE, Moll. Mex., 175 (1870).—W. G. BINNEY, T. Nite avrg Lakes
From the Red River of the North to Arkansas, Fic. 19,
Texas, and Florida. It may thus be said to inhabit
all the Eastern Province; in the Central Province, 7° of Zjminusculus.
64 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
in Arizona; has been found in California, and has been traced through aes Mexico into Yucatan ; is quoted ‘from Ber-
We eo muda, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico.
7 In Japan it has also been noticed (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1868). I am in- oe Sie2225 clined to believe, therefore, that it will Pingual dentition of 2. minusculus. rove, like Z. fulvus, to be one of the cir- cumpolar species common to the three continents. It has not, how-
ever, thus far been detected in Europe.
Jaw long, narrow, but slightly arcuate, of almost uniform width, ends rounded; concave margin smooth, with a slightly developed, broad median projection.
Lingual membrane (Plate III, Fig. H, of T. M., V)—Morse’s figure shows 4 perfect laterals. He counted 52 rows of 12-1-12 teeth. It will be noticed that his figure does not show the cutting points of the side cusps of the central and lateral teeth, which I have found in speci- mens from Florida. I found a similar number of teeth.
Zonites viridulus, MENKE.
Shell umbilicated, small, depressed, thin, fragile; epidermis pale, or brownish horn-color, wrinkled, shining; whorls 4, the
last rapidly enlarging towards the aperture; aperture trans- versely rounded; peristome simple, its edge rather thickened,
not acute; umbilicus small, but well marked and constant. 2. viridis, Greater diameter 5, lesser 42""; height, 2™™.
Heliz electrina, GOULD, Invert., 183, fig. 111 (1841).—BrnnEy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 423, pl. xxii, fig. 2 (1840); Terr Moll., ii, 286, pl. xxix, fig. 1.—Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll., 30 (1843).—Apams, Vermont, Mollusca, 161 (1842).—W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 107.—Morsk, Amer. Nat., i, 542, fig. 31 (1867).
Helix pura, ALDER, teste PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel., iv, 83.
Helix janus, ADAMS MS. (olim), Sheils Vt. Amer. Journ, Sc. [1], xl, 273 (1841).
Zonites radiatulus, REEVE, Br. L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 50, fig. (1863).
Zonites striatula, MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll., Fr. teste REEVE,
Helix viridula, MENKE, Syn. Méth., ed. 2, 127; see also Mal. Blatt., viii, 92.
Hyalina electrina, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 13, fig. 23, pl. vi, fig. 24 (1864).—_ Tryon, Amer. Journ, Conch., ii, 251 (1866).
Hyalina viridula, W. G. Binney, L. Sh., i, 34 (1869).—GouLp and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 397 (1870).
‘Zonites viridulus, W. G. B., T. M. U.S., v.
A cireumpolar species common to the three continents. In America it has been found from Great Slave Lake to the Gulf of Mexico; in the Central Province, in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. I have not actually, as yet, received it from the Pacific Province, ex-
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 65
cepting from Portland, Oregon, but have no doubt it will be proved to inhabit all the North American continent.
Animal bluish black. I have not verified the existence of a caudal pore or other external generic characters.
Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed ; concave margin smooth, with a median rounded projection. 7 Fic. 22.
Lingual membrane (T. M., V. Plate Ill, Fig. E). Morse gives 54 rows of 27-1-27 teeth each. I have figured the central and first lateral, with .
one extreme marginal tooth, drawn Jaw off 2. ovexduliers (Morse) from a specimen furnished me by Mr. Allen of Orono, Me. I find 3 lateral teeth. Morse gives a similar figure. The European Z. viridulus, as figured by Lehmann (Z. purus),has a similar dentition, excepting size of central tooth; he gives 23-1-93 teeth, with 3 laterals. There are distinct side cusps as well as cutting points to centrals and laterals.
In size, the depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the num- ber of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the largest whorl, this shell corresponds with Z. indentatus. It differs in its darker, smoky horn-color, its constant umbilicus, its rather thick and shining peri-’ stome, and in its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being remote, are crowded. From arboreus it differs in having one whorl less, the last one rapidly dilating, its apex not being depressed, its thinner structure and more glossy surface, and in its somewhat smaller umbilicus. In arboreus the peristome has a flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct sec- tion of the whorl in this. Though all of the same size and general appearance, the three may be readily separated when mingled. In- deed, its claims as a distinet species are not very obvious without view- ing the three together. It is found abundantly under fragments of wood, in damp places near the water’s edge, in company with Z. fulwus and arboreus, and Vertigo modesta. On its upper surface it ap- pears to be identical with Z. indentatus, while on the base its resem- . blance to Z. arboreus is striking. It appears to be a widely diffused and very common species.
Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys calls the American form Z. radiatulus var. albus (Ann. Mag. N. H., 1872, 245). ~ Genitalia unknown.
1749—Bull. 28 5
66 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Zonites milium, MoRsE.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, transparent, shining, white, with a greenish tinge, marked with distinct and regular strie of growth and mi-
Fic. 23. eroscopic revolving lines, the latter more conspicuous below ;
spire but slightly elevated; whorls 3, rounded, rapidly in- creasing, the last planulate above, widely umbilicated be- low; aperture very oblique, subcircular, remote from the axis; pefistome simple, acute, its terminations somewhat
approached, that of the columella not reflected. Greater
A ane diameter 13™™; height, $™™.
Helix milium, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, 23 (1859).—W. G. BInney, Terr. Moll., iv, 101, pl. Ixxix, 4, 5.—Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 543, fig. 36 (1867).
Striatura milium, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 18, tigs. 41, 42, pl. vii, fig, 43 (1864).
Pseudohyalina milium, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 265 (1866. )
Hyalina milium, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 38 (1869).—GouupD and BINNEY,
Iny. of Mass., ed. 2, 401 (1870). Zonites milium, W. G. Binney, T. M., v, 119. Massachusetts and Maine; Campbell County, Kentucky. It has also Fae a been noticed in Monterey, near San Francisco, and = Nevada County, Califor- nia. J doubt not that it will be found over the Rice whole continent. = re See AI Berra : Morse’s original figure — aa (pale este 5 ee is given above. ae Wee ee ee EN ee The surface of the shell 2s See ae @ is raised in numerous rib-
Lingual dentiliéa ‘of Z. miei, (Morse.) like folds, frequently an- astomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface and render the folds so crenulated that in certain lights the shell appears as if ornamented with strings of beads. This peculiar character disappears at the base of the shell, and is replaced by revolving lines and regular lines of ac- cretion.
Genitalia not observed.
Z. milium is described by Morse as having 68 rows of 17-1-17 teeth on its lingual membrane, with only 2 perfeet laterals. The next six teeth are shown to be bifid, not only the one or two transition teeth, but the decided marginals. I have also drawn the membrane of this spe- cies (T. M., V, Plate ILI, Fig. M). I found 18-1-18 teeth, with 3 laterals,
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES 67
The peculiarity of the lingual of this species is the great development of the central tooth. (See also Z. ferreus.) The jaw also is peculiar in havimg vertical channels worn upon its
anterior surface, extending down to the cutting mar- Lee
gin, asin Z. ferreus. These channels are probably pee re
Jaw of Z. miliwm.
worn by the greatly developed central tooth of the (Morse.) lingual membrane. I do not agree wi'h Morse in considering the great development of the central tooth and the channels on the jaw as generic characters.
Subgenus CONULUS (Firz.) Mog.-TAND.
Animal (of Z. fulvus) bluish black upon the head, neck, and eye- peduncles, lighter on the sides and base; foot very narrow, thread-like. A distinct caudal mucus pore.
Shell imperforate, or very narrowly perforate, turbinate, arcti-spiral; whorls 5-6, rather convex; aperture depressed-lunar, the penultimate whorl strongly excided, somewhat oblique. Peristome with margins
separated. Zonites fulwus, DRAPARNAUD.
Shell imperforate, subconical, thin, pellucid; epidermis fs. 26.
smooth, shining, minutely striated, amber-colored; whorls 5 or 6, rounded, very narrow; suture distinct and deep; aper- ture transverse, narrow; peristome simple, acute; base con- vex; umbilical region indented, umbilicus closed. Greater
diameter 4™™, lesser 33™™; height 3™™. Z. fulvus, en- larged.
Helix chersina, Say, Jour. Phila. Acad., ii, 156 (1821); BINNEY’s ed. 18, 81.—BINNEY Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 416, pl. xxvi, fig. 3 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 243, pl. xvii, fig. 4.—GouLpD, Invertebrata, 185, fig. 105 (1841).—ApDamMs, Vermont Mollusca, 162 (1842); Sillim. Journ. [1], x], 273.—DrKay, N. Y. Moll., 44, pl. xxxv, fig. 338 (1843).—W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv. 119.— Morsg, Amer. Nat., i. 544, fig. 38 (1867).
Helix egena, SAY, Journ. Phila. Acad., vy, 120 (1825); BINNEY’s ed. 30.—DrEKay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1243).—CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i, 237, pl. xxx, figs. 19-21? (1846).—REEVE, Con. Icon., No. 1263 (1854).—PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 31, not of GOULD in Terr. Moll.
Helix fulva, DRAPARNAUD, MIGHELS, Bost. Journ., iv, 333.—CHEMNITZ, PFEIFFER
. (Mon. H., i, 30), Reeve, ForBrs and HANLEY.
Conulus chersinus, MORSE, Journ. Poril. Soc.,i, 19, figs. 44, 46; pl. ii, fig. 4; pl. vii, fig. 45 (1864). Conulus chersina, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 256 (1866).
Hyalina fulua, W. G. BinneEy, L. & Fr. W. Sh., i, 46, fig. 73 (1869).
Hyalina chersina, GOULD and BINNEY, Invert. of Mass., new ed., 402 (1870).
Zonites fulvus, W. G. B., T. M. V., 125. ;
A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. It appears to inhabit all of the Easiern Province, having been found from Great
68 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Slave Lake to Texas and Florida. In the Pacific Province it has been found in Sitka, and at Lake Tahoe and San Gorgonio Pass in Cali- fornia. In the Central Province in Colorado and Nevada. It may eventually be found to inhabit the whole North American continent.
Animal bluish black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncies, lighter on the sides and base; foot very narrow, thread-like, with a caudal mucus pore. |
The American form here under consideration was described by Mr. Say under the name Helix chersina. Judging from its shell alone, it seems identical with the European Z. fulvus. It has thus been consid- ered one of the circumpolar species common to the three continents, and is so treated above. My confidence of this identity, however, is shaken by a study of the description and figure by Lehmann (Leben- den Schnecken, Wc., p. 79, Plate X, Fig. 24), of the dentition of the European Z. fulvus. He gives 86-100 rows of 25-1-25 teeth; the first two laterals he makes tricuspid, while they are only bicuspid in our form. The marginals appear to be bifid. The question of identity must therefore, I fear, be considered as still open.
It is found under, and in the interstices of, wet, decaying wood, un- der layers of damp leaves in forests, and under fragments of wood on the borders of ponds.
The above-named localities prove this to be a widely spread species. Its diminutive size has probably prevented its being observed in other places. It offers but few varieties, and is easily distinguished by its conical form and thin, amber-colored, transparent shell. It is a very beautiful and delicate little species. The spire is elevated, turreted, attaining even seven full volutions, with an obtuse apex; at other times it is much lower, with a somewhat pointed apex, and not exceed- ing five volutions. In the latter case, the base is of course much broader in proportion to the height, and the outer whorl is obtusely carinated. This carinated form is H. egena of Say, of which Dr. Binney writes—
‘JT have recently examined the original specimen of the shell de- scribed by Mr. Say as Helix egena, and by him deposited in the collec- tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in Philadelphia. I could not, on careful comparison, detect. any difference between it and the de- pressed variety of H. chersina. Mr. J.S. Phillips, the obliging curator of the department of Conchology in that institution, joined me in the opinion that the two are clearly identical.”
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 69
The elevated form only is figured here. It is interesting to state that in Europe also these two extreme forms are known to exist, the analogue of egena being called Mortoni (Jetfreys).
The plane of the base is so nearly horizontal that the shell, when set upon its base, is upright. It is so transparent that some of the sutures of the spire are visible through the substance of the shell, when viewed on the base.
There is a variety with an internal tooth.
Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated; anterior surface eae
smooth; concave margin smooth ; with an obtuse me- gor dian projection.
. : a Jaw of Z. fulvus. Lingual membrane: Morse gives 80 rows of 18-1-18 (Morse.)
teeth, with 7 laterals on either side. The specimen examined by me (from Orono, Maine) has 30-1-30 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals. This difference in the number of the marginals is unusual for two individ- uals of the same species.
The peculiarity of the lingual is the bifurcation of all the marginal teeth. On Plate II Fig. E, of T. M., V., 1 have drawn one central with its adjacent lateral, and one marginal extracted from a Maine specimen.
By the bifurcation of the marginals this species is allied to Vitrino- conus (Semper, Phil. Archip.); also Z. Gundlachi, which, however, has some of its marginals even tricuspid, and tricuspid laterals.
HELICID.
PATULA. (See below.) Patula striatella, ANTHONY. Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, thin, brownish horn- F'. 28. color, with crowded ribs; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last in- && flated below, rather wide; umbilicus large, pervious; aperture
‘sub-circular; peristome simple, acute, its terminations ap- § #8t& proached. Greater diameter 6™™, lesser 54™™; height, 3™™. pst teua.
Helix striatella, ANTHONY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 278, pl. iti, fig 2 (1840).— BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 432, pl. xxi, fig. 5 (1840); Terr. Moll., li, 217, pl. xxx, fig. 2.—GoOULD, Invert., 178, fig, 112 (1841).—ApDams, Ver- mont Mollusca, 162 (1842).—DrKay, N. Y. Moll., 43, pl. iii, fig. 40 (1843). —CHEMNITZ, 2d ed., ii, 115, tab. Ixxxv, figs. 36-38.—PFEIFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 104.—REEVE, Con. Icon., 727 (1853).—W. G. Binxry, Terr. Moll., iv, 99.—MorskE, Amer. Nat., i, 545, fig. 40 (1867)—W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 80, fig. 140 (1869).—GouLp and BINNEY, Iny. of Mass., ed..2, 413 (1870).
70 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Helix ruderata, ADAMS, Sill. Jour. [i], 40, 408, not STUDER.
Helix Cronkhitei, Newcomps, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 180 (1865).
Patula striatella, Morsr, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 21, fig. 48, pl. ii, fig. 6; pl. viii, fig. 49 (1864).—W. G. BrInney, T. M., v, 105.
Anguispira striatella, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 262 (1866).
Patula Cronkhitei, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 263 (1866).
This species is found through British America, at Great Slave Lake, Canada, &¢., New England, and extends to Virginia and Kansas. It has also been found in Arizona, Idaho, at Hell Gate River, Nevada, Colo- rado, in the Central Province, and has been quoted from the Pacific Province at Mariposa, Cal. It may, therefore, prove to be universally distributed. Middendorf refers it, as distinct from pauper, to Kam- chatka and Northern China.
Jaw arcuate; ends attenuated; anterior surface with converging
Fic. 29. strie; concave margin irregularly notched, no median projection (Fig. 29). YN Lingual membrane with 100 rows of 16-1-16 Jaw of P. striatella, (Morse). teeth (Morse). The lingual examined by me (T. M., V, Plate IV, Fig. B) has 20-1-20 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals.
Animal: Head, neck, and eye-peduncles dusky; foot white.
Genitalia unobserved.
As regards P. Cronkhitei, I am not able to decide about its specific
distinction from striatella. Specimens, one of which is here figured, have been sent me under this name from Unalashka, from Klamath Lake, and various localities in the Pacific and Central Provinces. I have also béen able to study the original specimen in the collection of Dr. Newcomb. It is larger, of a lighter color, and has coarser striz than the typical striatella, and agrees with the shell I have figured as Cronkhitet.
P. striatella bears a very strong resemblance, in general aspect, to
Fic. 30. perspectiva, with the immature shells of which it is very com- monly confounded. It needs some attention to separate the two, but when the present species is once noticed, it cannot fail to be considered very distinct. Its discriminative char-
"ZS acters, as compared with the former species, are as follows: P. Cronkhitei. The mature shell is smaller, and has generally rather less and never more than 4 whorls; and in shells of the same size the num- ber of volutions is less. It is thinner and more delicate; its color is lighter; its striz of increase are more numerous, more oblique, much finer, and less prominent; its suture is less deeply impressed; its spire is more convex, and its umbilicus less expanded. The character of the
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 71
epidermis is the same in both. ‘The luster of the epidermis resembles that of satin.
It bas been suggested that striatella is identical with H. omphalos, Searles Wood, an Eocene fossil of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight.
MICROPHIYSA. (See below.)
Microphysa pygmeza, DRap.
Shell umbilicated, subglobose, reddish horn-color, shining, marked with strong transverse striz and micro- scopie revolving lines, both most prominent near the um- bilicus; whorls 4, convex, gradually increasing, the last broadly umbilicated; aperture subcireular, oblique; ¢ CDS
peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity subre- \C*. flected. Greater diameter, 14™"; height, 1™™. Me) PYUGMeA,
enlarged.
Helix pygmea, DRAP., &c.
Helix minutissima, LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ix, 17; Proc., ii, 82 (1841); Obs., iv, 17 (1848).—TROSCHEL, Arch. f. Nat., 1848, ii, 124.—PFreEirrver, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 87.—W.G. Brnney, Terr. Moll., iv, 100, pl. lxxvii, figs. 6, 7.—MorsE, Am. Nat., i, 546, fig. 46 (1867).
Helix minuscula, teste BINNEY, Terr. Moll, ii, 221.
Punctum minutissimum, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., 1, 27, figs. 69, 70, pl. vili, fig. 71 (1864).—W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 222 (1869); T. M, v., 411.
Conulus minutissima, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii "95 7 (1866).
Hyalina minutissima, GOULD and BINNEY, Inv. of Mass. (2), 403 (1870).
Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Bosque County, Texas, in the Eastern Province; San Francisco, Lone Mountain, California, in Pa- cific Province. Probably will be found over all the continent. In North- ern and Central Europe it has also an extensive range.
I repeat below the complete history of the species as een by Bland (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. of N. Y., X. 306).
This species was described as Helix minutissima by Dr. Lea in 1841. In 1864 Professor Morse thus described its jaw: ‘“‘The buccal plate is made up of sixteen long, slender, corneous lamin, recurved at their cutting edges, these plates partially lapping over each other.”
Morse remarked on the similarity between Lea’s species and H. pyg- mea, Drap., of Europe, adding, ‘And it seems singular that it has never been referred to that species”; but after examination of the jaw of the latter, as figured by Mepis Taniion. Morse considered it generically distinct. He suggested the name Punctum.
The following is Moquin-Tandon’s description of the jaw of H. pygmea
(Moll. de France, II, p. 103, Plate X, Fig. 2, 1855):
72 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Méachoire large de 0.25™™, peu arquée, mince, a peine cornée, transparente, assez facile 4 étudier 4 cause de la transparence des téguments; extrémités amincies; partie moyenne du bord libre un peu surbaissée; cétes verticales nombreuses, fines, serrées; crénelures trés petites.
In W. G. Binney’s Synopsis (Smith. Inst. Coll., p. 4, December, 1863) Hyalina (Conulus) minutissima, Lea, is enumerated, and Tryon (Amer.
Journ. Conch, II, p. 257, 1866) placed the species in Conulus, while —
quoting the particulars given by Morse of the jaw.
In 1868 Lindstrém (Gotlands Nut. Moll., Taf. III, Fig. 12) published figures, but without description, of the jaw of H. pygmea. On compari- son of this with Morse’s figure of minutissima, the identity of the two species could scarcely be inferred.
In Land and Freshwater Shells (Part I, p. 221, 1869) Punctum, Morse, is adopted as the generic name of Lea’s species, treating that genus as belonging to Orthalicine, by reason of the supposed structure of the jaw.
W. G. Binney (Invert. Mass., 2d ed., p. 403, Fig. 665, 1870) has Hya- lina minutissima as occurring in Massachusetts, adding in a note, “The character of the jaw would place tue species in the subfamily Orthali- cine, as a distinct genus, for which Morse’s name Punctum might be retained ; otherwise the species would be placed in Hyalina.”
Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., October, 1872) refers to Hyalina minutissima as being identical with Helix pygmea, Drap.
Dr. G. Schacko (Malak. Blatt., p. 178, 1872) described both jaw and
lingual teeth of H. pygmea, showing that both have the same charac-
ters as ascribed by Morse to Punctum minutissimum.
The following is a translation of Schacko’s description of the jaw of H. pygmea:
The jaw consists of nineteen plates, which are grouped in the form of a horseshoe. They lie together like the tiles of a roof, and partially cover one another. The plates are connected by a fine transparent membrane. The middle plate, which is the largest, and perfectly straight at the top, lies entirely alone, so that a space is visible between it and the two next side plates. These are smaller and of the same length, while the top is slightly curved. The plates have the same form as regards their length, but the curve increases towards the end plates. The third plate from the middle begins
to cover the second, the fifth covers half of the fourth, and the succeeding plates always more, until the last covers two-thirds of the preceding one.
The formula of the lingual membrane is given by Schacko as being 114 rows of 19-1-19; by Morse, of Lea’s species, 51 rows of 13-1-13. .
The centrals of H. pygmwa are said by Schacko to be tricuspid; the two side cusps so small and scarcely recognizable that they entirely
dn cnet tee aia
<
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. : 73
disappeared in one specimen ; the laterals bicuspid. He remarks that every tooth of the radula lies alone, so that even the cutting points do not cover or disturb the basal surfaces of the overlying rows.
Schacko refers to the near alliance, in form of jaw especially, of H. pygmea with H. minutissima of the genus Punctum of Morse.
Looking at the descriptions and figures of the jaws of pygmea and minutissima, one will notice, with striking general similarity of char- acters, Some differences ; on the other hand, the lingual teeth of the two forms appear to be the same, and the shells without variation of spe- - cific value.
The facts regarding the distribution of H. pygmwa, which may be treated as one of the cireumpolar species, favor the opinion that Lea’s specific name must be placed in the synonymy of Punctum pygmeum.
Mogquin-Tandon describes the genitalia of the UE SE form to have neither dart nor multifid vesicles.
Lately, in studying the jaw of Microphysa vortex from Florida, I have become convinced that I was wrong in considering the jaw of pygmca to be related to that of the Orthalicide. It is quite similar to that of Microphysa, in which genus, accordingly, I place the species.
The jaw is low, wide, slightly arcuate, with blunt, squarely truncated ends; it is composed of sixteen sepa- WG 4a. rate pieces, each higher than wide, with slightly overlapping edges. These ‘
pieces do not run obliquely towards the middle of the jaw; there is, there- Septem fore, no appearance of an upper median triangular piece, as in Orthali- cus and Liguus.
The lingual membrane islong and narrow. There are 54 rows of 13- 1-13 teeth each. The centrals have a base Fic. 33. of attachment much longer than wide, ex- panded below and squarely truncated, very much narrowed above, reflected. The re-
flection is very small, and has, according to §
Morse, onesingle cusp ; but Schacko (Malak,
Lingual dentition of M. pygmea.
Blatt., 1872, 178) describes the reflection in (Morse.)
some European specimens as tricuspid. Laterals of same form as cen- trals, but with wider base of attachment in the first ones, and bicuspid outer laterals much narrower. There are no distinet marginals. All the teeth are decidedly separated,
14 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND. SHELLS.
I have not examined the jaw or lingual membrane of this species, but am entirely dependent on Morse for the descriptions and figures of the American form given above.
HELICODISCUS, Morse.
Animal heliciform; mantle posterior, thin, simple, protected by a Shell; other characters as in Patula.
Shell discoidal, widely umbilicated, not shining ; spire concave; whorls 4, equally visible above and below, the last scarcely larger than the rest, not deflected; aperture rounded, vertical; several pairs of tubercles at intervals within, on the inner surface
Animal of H.lineatus, Of the outer whorl; peristome simple, straight, its enlarged. (Muorse.) ; c margins distant. Jaw, according to Morse, of H. lineatus, low, wide, crescentic, ends much attenuated, acute; cutting margin with a median, beak-like projection; anterior sur-
Jaw of H. lineatus. face without ribs, but covered with striz con- verging obliquely towards the beak-like prominence.
Fig. 36 shows the general arrangeinent of the teeth upon the lingual
FIG. 36. membrane. The characters
Be an [2-4 of the separate teeth are
better shown in Plate IV
of T. M., V, Fig. M. Morse
Bo Oe ae gives 77 rows of 12-1-12
ee teeth, each with 4 perfect
laterals. Leidy, in T. M., Vol. I], 262, Fig. gives 13-1-13 teeth, with
5 perfect laterals. The membrane examined by me has 12-1-12 teeth,
with 4 perfect laterals. The central teeth have a base of attachment
Lingual dentition of H. lineatus.
very small, longer than wide, with expanded lower angles and reflected upper margin. Reflection very small, with a stout, short median cusp, and very short, blunt side cusps, all the cusps with short cutting points. The lateral teeth have a base of attachment three times as wide, and somewhat longer than the centrals, and asymmetrical by the suppres- sion of the inner, lower lateral expansion; the upper margin is broadly reflected; the reflection is short but symmetrical, having two equally developed short, stout side cusps, bearing short cutting points; the median cusp is stout, long, extending nearly to the lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects slightly the short cutting
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 15
point. The marginals are low and wide, the reflection as broad as the base of attachment, reaching nearly to its lower edge, and furnished with one inner, long, bluntly bifid, stout, oblique cutting point, and two or more short outer cutting points. The same form of marginal is found in Pupa. The membrane is very peculiar in the lateral teeth, not only from their large size, but also from their symmetrical, tricuspid reflection, quite like the usual arrangement of central teeth in the Hel- icide. Similar lateral teeth are found in Zonites Gundlachi.
Helicodiscus lineatus, Say.
Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal; epidermis greenish; whorls about 4, visible on the base of the shell as well as
Fic. 37.
above, with numerous equidistant, parallel, raised lines , revolving upon them; suture much impressed ; aperture remote from the axis, semi-lunate, narrow, not expanding; peristome acute, thin; umbilicus wide, forming a con-
cave depression of the base, each volution visible to the \k “o% Z A 7 ; s ; i ; Fel. lineatus, are placed from 1 to 3, pairs of minute, conical, white teeth, enlarged.
apex; within the aperture, on the external circumference,
the first pair in sight when looking into the aperture, the others more remote. Greater diameter 35™™, lesser 3™™; height, 14™>.
Helix lineata, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., i, 18 (1817); ii, 273 (1824); Nich. Eneyel., 3d ed., iv (1819); BINNEY’s ed. 7, 24.—BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 436, pl. xxii, fig. 6 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 261, pl. xlviii, fig. 1.—DE Kay, N. Y. Moll., 44 (1843).—GouLpD, Invert., 179, fig. 103 (1841).—Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842).—FERUsSAC, Tab. Syst., 44; Hist., pl. lxxix, fig. 1.— DESHAYES in Fér., i, 80.—CHEMNITZ, 2d ed., ii, 203, tab. ci, figs. 13-15.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 184.—REEVE, Con. Icon., 724 (1852).—W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 123.—Morsk, Amer. Nat., i, 546, fig. 44 (1867).
Planorbis parallelus, Say (?), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 164 (1821); ed. BINNEY, 63.
-Hyalina ? lineata, W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 52 (1869).—GOULD and BINNEY, Invert. of Mass.,ed. 2, p. 404 (1870).
Helicodiscus lineata, Morse, Journ. Port]. Soc., i, 25, figs. 61, 62; pl. ii, fig. 3; pl. vii, fig. 63 (1864).—Tyron, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 264 (1866).—W. G. BINNEYi TMs 185.
Inhabits all of the Eastern, Central, and Pa- ific Provinces, having been found from Gaspé
Fic. 37 A.
to Texas ; on the Rio Chama, New Mexico; in Idaho; in Oakland,Cal. De ene
Jaw: see Fig. 37 A.
Lingual membrane: see p. 74.
Animal (see jy. 74) nearly white or rather translucent, mottled with small white blotches ; body long and narrow; upper posterior portion
76 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of foot conspicuously furrowed. In motion the shell lies perfectly flat on the extreme posterior portion of the body, the eye peduncles stand- ing nearly perpendicularly, and the head with tentacles thrust out some way beyond the base of eye-peduncles ; eyes scarcely visible; animal very short posteriorly,
This peculiar shell is distinguished by its discoidal form, greenish color, the fine revolving lines upon its Whorls, and the singular teeth which are placed in the interior of the outer whorl. These teeth are ar- ranged in pairs, on the external side of the parietes of the cavity, one of each pair being on the superior and one on the inferior part of the whorl. They are prominent, white, and conical, and may be discovered though the semi-transparent shell. One pair is so near the aperture as easily to be seen on looking into it; the other is distant nearly one- half a volution from the peristome, and is of course invisible except through the shell. At least one pair will be found to exist in every specimen when carefully sought for. In one instance I noticed a third pair still further within the whorl.
Noticed under the bark or in the interstices of wet and decaying wood, and under layers of wet leaves and stones in damp places in
forests. VALLONIA, Risso.
Animal heliciform (see Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I, Plate IX, Fig. 2); other characters as in Patula.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, diaphanous; whorls 34-4; aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome White, thickened, reflected, its margins contiguous or converging.
The single known species is circumpolar, common to the three conti- nents. In North America its range is shown below; in Europe it is found everywhere, reaching indeed Northern Africa, the Azores, M adeira, &e.; in Asia it occurs in Siberia, Thibet. This wide distribution, so unusual in the land shells, Suggests great antiquity for the species. It is said to have been found in the Red and Norwich Crag (see Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., XX VIB 493).
Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt;
Fic. 38. cutting margin without median projection; an- = terior surface with numerous crowded, broad UO P
/
J aw of J . pulchella. ( Mor se. | \ | V = ) . "9 Ds
na at
-
UNIVERSALLY DIST IBJTED SPECIES. tt
Lingual membrane (Plate VII, Fig. U) long and narrow, arranged asin Patula. Morse gives 73 rows of 11-1-11 teeth, with 3 perfect lat-
-erals. I counted 10-1-10, with 3 perfect laterals. Centrals with the
base of attachment long and narrow, expanded and notched at the outer lower angles, narrowed above and reflected; reflection very small, tricuspid, all the cusps bearing very short cutting points, the central one, as usual, longest. Laterals with the base of attachment twice as broad as in the centrals, the inner lower angle suppressed, notched at the outer angle, broadly reflected above; reflection larger than in the centrals, with one inner, long, slender cusp, reaching nearly the lower edge of the base of attachment, its cutting point quite reaching it, and
one small outer side cusp, also bearing a distinct cutting point. Margi-
_nals low, wide, the reflection equaling the base of attachment and irreg-
/
ularly denticulated along its edge, the inner cusp the longest and bifid. The dentition is quite that of Pupa.
The above description is drawn from a specimen from Maine. The European form is figured by Moquin-Tandon with a median projection to the cutting edge of its jaw. Lehmann also figures a wide, slight projection to the cutting edge. A comparison of the dese:iption and figure of the dentition of the European specimens given by Thomson and Lehmann shows no specific difference. It will be noticed that Leh- mann’s figure of the centrals shows a more developed reflection and cusp and no side cusps. I believe, however, that careful comparison will show no variation in this or other particulars.
Valionia pulchella, MULLER. Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, slightly convex Fie. 39.
above, thin and transparent; epidermis colorless; whorls | 4, very minutely striated, the last large and spreading at the aperture like a trumpet; aperture orbicular, a little dilated; peristome much thickened, white, reflected, making nearly a continuous circle, ends approaching; umbilicus large, exhibiting all the volutions. Greater diameter 3, MUS lesser 23™™; height, 1§™™. eee
enlarged.
Helix pulchella, Mi{jLLER, Verm., 30.—PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 365.—BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 375, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1840); Terr. Moil., ii, 175, pl. : Xvii, fig. 1.—LeEipy, T. M. U.S., i, 256, pl. ix, figs. 7-9 (1851), anat.—GoULD, Invertebrata, 176, fig. 102 (1841); ed. 2, 429 (1870).—ApDams, Vermont Mol- lusca, 159 (1842).—W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 157 (1869). Helix minuta, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., i, 123 (1817); Nich. Encyel., ed. 3 (1819) ; B1n- NEY’S ed. 3.—DEKay, N. Y. Moll., 40, pl. iii, fig. 33 (1843).—Morsr, Am, Nat., i, 544, fig. 39 (1867),
78 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Helix costata, MULLER, vid. PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 366.
Vallonia minuta, MoRsE, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 21, figs. 54-56; pl. viii, fig. 57 (1864).— TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 36 (1867).
Vallonia pulchella, W. G. BINNEY, T. M., v, 344.
A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. From Can- ada East to Nebraska and Florida, in the Eastern Province, to New Mexico, in the Central Province, as well as in Nevada, Idaho, Ari- zona, and Colorado.
The strongly ribbed variety ( V. costata) has been found in large num- bers in Kansas, and at Cincinnati and Philadelphia, and in Nevada.
Jaw and lingual membrane described above.
Genitalia figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, Plate XI, Fig. 30). Penis sac cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its apex; genital bladder globose, large, on a long narrow duct; opposite the entrance of the latter into the vagina is a small sae- like receptacle for a dart.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a reversed individual.
Family PUPID. PUPA. (See below.) Pupa muscorum, Linn.
Shell perforate, cylindrical, subfusiform, obtuse at both extremities; epidermis dark chestnut-color or bay; whorls 6 to 7, rounded, the anterior 4 of about equal diameter; suture deep; aperture lateral, nearly cireular, small, its di- ameter equal to two-thirds of the diameter of thelast whorl, \ ) a thin, testaceous deposit forming a thickened margin inter- nally, sometimes bearing an obtuse tubercle; upon the parietal wall is a single tubercle; transverse margin sub-
reflected ; peristome slightly reflected. Length, 4™™; Pupa muscorum, enlarged. breadth, 14mm,
Pupa badia, ADAMS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 331, pl. iii, fig. 18; Shells of Ver-
mont, 157.—GouLD, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 404; iv, 360.—DEKay, N. Y. : Moli., 49, pl. iv, fig. 45.—CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, 117, pl. xv, figs. 25-29.—BINNEY, Terr. Moll., 323, pl. lxx, fig. 3.—W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 142.
Pupa muscorum, LINNZus, part, Prererer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 666, &c.—W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 234 (1869); Terr. Moll., v, 197.—GouLpD and BINNEY, Invert of Mass., ed. 2, 433 (1870). :
Pupilla badia, Morse, Journ. Port]. Soc., i, 37, figs. 89, 91, pl. x, fig. 92 (1864) ; Amer. Nat., i, 609, fig. 52 (1868).—Tryown, Am. Journ. Conch., ili, 302 (1868).
A cireumpolar species, probably inhabiting the whole continent, as it has been noticed on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and in
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 719
Maine, Vermont, and New York, in the Central Province, in Nevada and Colorado. Its range in Europe is very great, being found from Siberia to Sicily, England, Iceland, &c.
The shell is often met with an edentulate aperture. Such is the speci- men figured in the second edition of Chemnitz.
Jaw of American specimen slightly arched, concave edge waving, anterior surface striate. (See below, under family Pupide.)
P. muscorum has 90 rows of 14-1-14 teeth, with 6 perfect laterals on its lingual membrane. (See Morse.) The figure and description of Leh- mann of the European P. muscorum confirm my belief in the identity of the two forms.
b. SPECIES OF THE PACIFIC PROVINCE. (See p. 19.)
It must be borne in mind that the universally distributed species ~ are also found in this province. ;
Family SELENITID i.
MACROCYWCLIS, Beck.
Animal heliciform; mantle posterior, covered with a shell; eye- - peduncles long, slender; foot narrow, twice as long as the diameter of the shell, tail pointed, scarcely reaching be- Fic. 41.
hind the shell; respiratory and anal orifices on the right of the mantle, under the peri-
stome of the shell; generative orifice behind 2 SF the right eye-peduncle; no distinct locomotive 42 al of Miner ocyclis*concaua: disk or caudal mucus pore. Carnivorous.
Shell thin, widely umbilicated, depressed, striate or wrinkled, color uniform; whorls 44-5, the last broad, depressed, moderately deflexed in front; aperture obliquely ovate; peristome somewhat thickened or expanded, the margins approximating, the basal shortly reflexed.
A few species of this genus have been found in Chili and the West Indies. It seems, however, to reach its greatest development in our Pacifie Province. :
Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed, anterior surface striated; cut-
_ting margin smooth, with a median projection. I have examined the _jaw of M. Vancouverensis (Fig. 42), sportella, concava, Taos
say =
Jaw of Macrocyclis Vancouverensis.
Hemphilli, Duranti, Voyana, and in the West Indian
species, M. Baudoni, Petit, and M. euspira, Pir. The general arrangement of the lingual membrane of Macrocyclis is the same as I have described for Glandina.
80 _A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
There are 32 rows in one lingual examined of M. Vancowverensis. (See Fig. 45.) The rows of teeth are arranged en chevron. Each row is divided by the median line into two irregular crescents, the teeth rapidly increasing and curving in a backward direction, and then gradually decreasing in size and curving forward. In M. Vancou- verensis the sixth tooth is the largest. The teeth of Macrocyclis, as also of Glandina, are separated, not crowded, as in the Helicide. The central tooth is seen with some difficulty by the microscope. I am confident, however, that I have drawn it correctly for the various species. In M. Vancouverensis (Plate I, Fig. B, T. M. V., see also below Fig. 45,) the base of attachment is small, triangular, the apex pointed forward, the angles bluntly rounded, somewhat incurved at base, and bears a delicate, simple, short, slender cutting point, reach- ing from about its center to near its base. This cutting point was not figured by Morse, and, indeed, was observed by me only on a few of the central teeth, and then with difficulty. In M. concava (Plate I, Fig. C) the central tooth has a larger base of attachment, the apex of the triangle is truncated and incurved, the base is more incurved, the outer lower corners more expanded and pointed, the cutting point more developed, with distinet lateral expansions like very slightly developed subobsolete side cusps. In M. Voyana (Plate I, Fig. D) the central tooth has a long, narrow, quadrangular base of attachment, incurved above, below, and at sides, and bears near its base three small sharp cutting points, the median the largest; there seem to be no distinctly developed cusps bearing these cutting points. In WM. Duranti (Plate I, Fig. E) the central tooth has a base of attachment somewhat like that of M. Vancouverensis, but longer, and with incurv- ing sides; the cutting point is the same. I have also examined the lingual membrane of M. sportella (Plate XV, Fig. K) which may be merely a variety of Vancouverensis; its dentition is quite the same. The other species mentioned above are readily distinguished one from another by the form of their central teeth.
The side teeth of Macrocyclis at first sight, especially when seen from below, appear to be of the purely aculeate type, as the marginals in Zonites and Limax. From this, one is inclined to consider them all as marginals, and to declare that no true lateral teeth exist, thus making Macrocyclis to agree with Glandina in this particular also. A more care- ful study shows us that the teeth nearest the median line are modified from the aculeate type, though they do not have the distinct form of
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 81
the laterals of Zonites, with decided cusps and cutting points. They seem rather to represent those teeth of Zonites which show the transi- tion from the laterals to the marginals (see Terr. Moll., V, Plate LU, - ‘Fig. F, the second lateral tooth of Z. levigatus). It may be said, there- fore, that the lateral teeth are entirely wanting in Macrocyclis, the first side teeth being laterals in the transition state, the balance being pure marginals. (See, however, M. euspira, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Nat. Se. II, Plate II, Fig. I, which has a lingual membrane of Glandina.) The base of attachment of these transition teeth is like those of the marginals, 7. e., sole-like, except that the lower lateral expansions are more developed and angular, and in concava and Voyana the lower edge is excurved rather than incurved. The cusps are long and slender, lengthened into cutting points; the teeth are asymmetrical by the greater development of the outer subobsolete side cusps, both of these cusps being distinetly indicated by expansion. In M. Vancowverensis there is apparently a small sharp side point on the inner side of the cusp. Iam not certain of its character, and have not ventured to figure it, excepting on the second tooth in Fig. B of Plate I of T. M. V., and also wood-cut below, Fig. 45. This process is seen on the first six teeth only. The balance of the teeth beyond the transition teeth in all the species are marginals of the pure aculeate type. They vary in sharpness in different parts of the same membrane, as will be seen by comparing my Fig. b of Plate I, Fig. C, with the other marginals figured. In M. Duranti the extreme _ Inarginals are large in comparison with those of the other species. In studying my figures of the lateral teeth, it must be remembered that Figs. C and D are drawn as seen from above, to show the form of the cusp. The other figures are drawn from below, to show the base of attachment.
M. Vancouverensis, drawn by Morse, has 22-1-22 teeth; two other membranes examined by me gave 24-1—24, one other 18-1-18. M. con- cava has given 20-120, 23-1-25, and 25-1-25. Of M. Duranti I have counted but one membrane having 18-1-18. A single membrane of UM. Voyana had 24-1-24 teeth. MM. sportella has 22-1-22.
To sum up the characters of the dentition of Macrocyclis, it may be said to be intermediate between Glandina and Zonites, differing from the former in the presence of the transition teeth from true laterals to true marginals, differing, however, from the latter by the absence of true lateral teeth.
Baudonia being preoccupied, Dr. Fischer suggests the name Selenites 1749—Bull. 28 6
82 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
for the North American species of this genus, the typical Macrocyclis being placed by him in the Helicide. If he is correct in this latter point, Selenites must be adopted for our American species.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, LEA.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex on the up- per surface; epidermis light greenish-yellow ; whorls 5, nearly flat above, protuberant and rounded on the lower surface, lines of growth very minute, with
crowded, microscopic revolving striz, the outer Macrocyclis Vancouverensis. ov) expanding a little towards the aperture; um- bilicus wide and deep; aperture transverse, somewhat rounded, flat- tened above by a depression of the peristome near its junction with the body-whorl, its edge tinged with rufous; peristome thin, acute, slightly reflected at the base of the shell, simple above, the two extremities approaching each other, and connected by a thin callus, which covers
the columella. Greater diameter 31, lesser 26™™; height, 14™™.
Helix concava, BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 372, pl. xiv (1840), not of Say.
Helix Vancouverensis, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., vi, 87, pl. xxiii, fig. 72; Obs., ii, 87 (1839).—TroscHEL, Arch. fur Nat., 1839, ii, 21—DrKay, N. Y. Moll. ,45 (1843).—PFEIFFER, Symbole, ii, 41; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 200; in CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii, 146, pl. xciv, figs, 21, 23.—BinneEy, Terr. Moll., ii, 166, pl. xx.—W. G. Brynry, Terr. Moll., iv, 19.—Goup, U. S. Expl. Ex., 36, fig. 37 (1852).— REEVE, Con. Icon., No. 669 (1852).
Helix vellicata, Forses, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Mar. 1850, 75, pl. ix, fig. 1.—CHEM- NITZ, ed. 2, ii, 454, pl. cliv, figs. 42, 44.—REEVE, Con. Icon., No. 673 (1852).— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 155.
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 245 (1866).—W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 54 (1869): Terr. Moll., V, 90.
A species of the Pacific Province ranging from lat. 60°, in Alaska, to lat. 37°; above lat. 49° it passes the Cascade Mountains, and ranges southeasterly into Idaho and Montana.* In these latter localities the species is reduced in size. Throughout the rest of its course it is con- fined to the neighborhood of the coast. It reaches its greatest devel- opment in the region of Astoria.
Animal short posteriorly, subeylindrical, very light-colored, giving a straw-colored reflection, sides pearly, marked with longitudinal lines of coarse, elongated, squamose granules, about eight or ten on each side.
The species is very nearly allied to M. concava. The differences ob-
*A most interesting paper on the distribution of the West Coast species, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, will be found in Vol. IV of Amer. Journ. of Conch,
| | i |
Pe
>
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 83
servable are the following: The size of this shell greatly exceeds the latter in all its proportions, its transverse diameter being nearly twice as great. This difference is not caused by anincreased number of whorls, for the number in both is precisely the same; but this shell seems to be projected originally upon a larger scale, the nucleus being as much larger as mature specimens. The color is much more yellow. The umbilicus is not so widely expanded, and does not admit of count-
_ing all the whorls; and the whorls seem to be more voluminous. The
strie of growth are usually coarser, and the microscopic revolving striz are stronger and much more constantly present.
A dark reddish variety was found by Mr. Dall in Alaska.
It also strongly resembles J. sportella, but in that species the revolv- ing lines usually cut merely the summits of the radiating strie, without being continuous over the whole surface.
Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed; anterior surface ridged; con- cave margin smooth, with a median projection. (See p. 79, Fig. 42.)
Lingual membrane (see’p. 80); the figure here given shows the char- acters of the individual teeth.
The genitalia are figured on Plate XII, Fig. L, of Terr. Moll., V. The epididymis is extremely long and very large, form- Fic. 45. ing the peculiar feature of the system. The genital bladder is oval, with a long duct, which is very much \ broader at the end nearer the vagina. The penis sac is long, gradually tapering at its apex, where it receives Lingual deftition of
M. Vancouverensis. the vas deferens. Upon the side of the vagina, about the middle of its length, is a wart-like protuberance, which may be a dart sac a vaginal prostate (ds). A comparison of Dr. Leidy’s figure of the genitalia of M. coneava, in Vol. I, shows considerable difference. between the two species, especially in the epididymis.
Macrocyclis sportelia, GouLp.
Shell much depressed, convex above, concave beneath, sloping into a broad, tunnel-shaped umbilicus; surface delicate and shin- Fie. 46.
ing, of a pale, yellowish-green color, regularly seulptured with sharp, coarse striz of growth, which are crossed by
Macrocyclis
fine, crowded, revolving lines, which usually cut merely the sporteita.
summits of the radiating ridges, so that, to the naked eye, the surface appears but minutely granulated, but under a magnifier the raised Spaces are seen to be well-defined squares; whorls 5, separated by a deep suture, the outer one proportionally large: aperture nearly cir-
84 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. ;
cular, a little angular at base, modified by the preceding whorl; peris- tome acute, simple. Greater diameter, 12™™; height, 6™™.
Helix sportella, GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 167 (1846); Moll. Ex. Ex., aint fig, 42 (1852); T. M., ii, 211, pl. xxii, a, fig. 1—W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll , iv, 19.—PFEIFrFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 111, v, 246 (1868).—BLanpb, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., vii, 366; viii, 165.
Macrocyclis sportella, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 245 (1866).—W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 57 (1869).
From San Diego to Puget Sound in the neighborhood of the coast; confined to the Pacific Province.
See remarks under M. Vancouverensis.
In extreme forms of this species the revolving lines mark the whole surface, even in the umbilicus and in the interstices between the incre- mental striz.
Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the latter resem- bling that of M. Vancouverensis. Teeth 22-1-22. Plate XV, Fig. K., of Terr. Moll., V. The central tooth is like that of last species.
Macrocyclis Voyana, NEWCOMB.
Shell wiuely umbilicated, depressed, planorboid, thin, translucent, with delicate oblique strie of growth, and fine revolving lines, more de- Fic. 47. veloped below, very light horn-color; spire scarcely ele-
vated; whorls 5, flattened, rapidly increasing, the last
broad, flattened below, falling in front; umbilicus very large; aperture very oblique, removed from the axis, ir- regular truncatedly ovate; peristome thickened, subre- flected, flexuose, strongly depressed above and sinuate,
ends approaching, connected with a stout, elevated,
M syclis Voy- . 3 ' z et. =. ~-d brownish, ridge-like callus. Greater diameter 21, lesser
(Magnified twice.) X ~ 18™"; height, 4™,
Helix (Macrocyclis) Voyana, NEwcoms, Am. Journ. Conch., i, Part iii, 235, pl. xxv, fig. 4 (July, 1865).
Helix Voyana, PFEIFFER, Mon. V. 247 (1868).
Macrocyclis Voyana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 246 (1866).—W. G. Binney, L. &
Fr.-W. Sh., i, 58, fig. 98 (1868): Terr. Moll., V. 93.
Canyon Creek, Trinity County, California, and San Diego are the only Jocalities from which it has thus far been received. It may be said, therefore, to inhabit the whole of the California Region, near the coast.
The specimen figured was received from Dr. Newcomb.
Jaw asin Vancouverensis.
es
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 85
Lingual membrane (Plate I, Fig. D of Terr. Moll., V. 93): see ante, p- 80, for description of central tooth.
Genitalia not observed, but the species is viviparous.
Specimens from San Diego are characterized by very coarse striz of growth, not delicate as described above, and with hardly perceptible revolving strie. From the shell alone I do not believe it possible to dis- tinguish sportella from Voyana. Were it not for the difference in the central tooth of the lingual membrane of the two specimens examined by me, I should unite the two. <A var. simplicilabris is mentioned by Ancey (Le Nat. IV, 110).
Macrocyclis Hemphilli, W. G. B.
Shell allied to WM. Vancouverensis, but the umbilicus is narrower and not so much excavated, the termination of the last whorl not yy. 48, receding from the umbilicus, as in all forms of Vancowveren- ges
sis and concava ; in all, the whorls are more or less strongly “ striated within the umbilicus, often almost ribbed in concava ; not so in this shell; the texture of the shell is glassy like Hy- 4
alina, and there is no trace of microscopic revolving spiral lines found in all the other forms; beneath, the last whorl is propor- ™/ Hemp. tionally wider. - Greater diameter 14, lesser 10™™; height 5™™. Macrocyclis Hemphilli, W. G. Binn, An. N. Y., Ac. Se. i, 356, pl. xv, p. 17.
Olympia, Washington Territory, a species of the Oregonian Region.
Jaw and lingual dentition as usual in the genus; characters of cen- tral teeth not clearly seen.
This species is named in honor of Mr. Henry Hemphill, to whom I am indebted for collections from Alaska to Cape San Lucas and in the Rocky Mountains. .
Macrocyclis Duranti, NEwcoms.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, of a dead white or greenish color, thin, with very coarse, rough strie; whorls 4, flattened, the last discoidal, not descending at the aper- & ss
ture, below broadly excavated and channeled; suture deli- cate; aperture removed from the axis, transversely rounded; peristome simple, acute, its terminations approaching, joined —
by callus, that of the columella not reflected. Greater diam- “lt
eter, 4™™; height, 14. : i aateeede
Helix Duranti, Newcomp, Proc. Cal, Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 118 (1864),—PFEIFFER, Mon., VY. 171 (1868).
Patula Duranti, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 263, pl. iv, fig. 53 (1866).
86 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Hyalina Duranti, W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 37, fig. 49 (1869). Macrocyclis Duranti,,W. G. B., T. M., V. 94. ;
A Californian Region species, extending also into the Lower Califor- nia Region as far south as the mouth of the San Tomas River. I have received it from Santa Barbara Island, Catalina Island (Hemphill), and from near San Francisco. It is a coast species. 5
The specimen figured is authentic. :
Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (Plate I, Fig. E of T. M., V). See p. 80, for description of central tooth. This species and Sportella from subgenus Hoplobienia (Ancey, Le Nat. IV. 110).
Family LIMACID 2. ZONITES. (See below.)
Zonites Whitneyi, NEwcome.
Shell umbilicated, greatly depressed, thin, smooth, scarcely marked Fic. 50. by the delicate wrinkles, shining, smoky horn-color; spire slightly elevated; whorls 4, flattened, the last planulate above and below; umbilicus broad, pervious; aperture transversely subcircular; peristome acute, simple. Greater diameter 54, lesser 43™; height, 2™™.
Helix Whitneyi, NEwcoms, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iti, 118 (1864).— PFEIFFER, Mon., V. 171 (1868). Patula Whiineyi, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 263 (1866). Hyalina Whitneyi, W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 32, fig. 37 (1869). Zonites Whitneyi, W. G. B., T. M., V. 113, 432. Inhabits the California Region in the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe,
California, under damp logs and bark.
Z. Whitneyi.
The specimen figured is authentic. There are 24-1-24 teeth on the lingual membrane, all of the type usual in the genus; four of them are laterals, on either side.
Zonites conspectus, BLanp.
Shell umbilicate, subdepressed, thin, with oblique, rather distant rib-like striz, the interspaces microscopically striate, dark horn-ecolored ; spire convex, with smooth, obtuse apex; suture deep; whorls 4, convex, gradually increasing, the last broader, rounded, slightly descending above; umbil- icus about equal to two-sevenths the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, roundly lunate; peristome simple, straight,
the margins approaching, the columellar margin scarcely
Z.conspectus, Qilated. Greater diameter 2,lesser 13™™"; height, 1™™. enlarged.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. $7
Helix conspecta, BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii, 163, fig. 7 (Nov. 1865). Pseudohyalina conspecta, TRYON, Amer, Journ. Conch., ii, 265 (1866). Hyalina conspecta, W. G. Brxney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh. i, 41 (1869). Zonites conspectus, W. G. B., Terr. Moll., v, 121.
In Alaska. In the Pacific Province, Salem, Oregon, San Francisco, and Monterey, and in Merced County, Cal. In the Central Province at Cunningham Gulch, Colorado.
Z. conspectus differs from Patula ce in having an elevated spire and a smaller umbilicus. The rib-like striae are more numerous , but scarcely raised above the surface of the shell, which, under the Anoeds scope, is very similar to that of P. asteriscus. Z. exiguus also has very prominent ribs, but they are independent of the strie of growth and run obliquely to them.
Animal not observed. Mr. Bland’s description and figures are here given.
Specimens frome Lone Mountain near San Francisco have been sent me by the Rev. Mr. Rowell as Helia Mazatlanica. (See p. 22.)
Zonites chersinellus, Dat.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, transparent, lightest horn- color, shining, with distant incremental wrinkles; spire slightly ele- vated; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last depressed- globose; umbilicus narrow, pervious; aperture oblique, ae lunately subcircular; peristome simple, acute. Greater eS diameter, 3™™; height, 1™™.
Helix (Conulus) chersinella, DALL, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, 328, pl. xxi, fig. 4 (1866). Conulus chersinella, TRYON, Amer. Jour. Conch., iii, 162 (1867). Hyalina chersinella, W. G. BINNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh, i, 47 (1869). Zonites chersinellus, W. G. BINN., T. M., v, 123.
Z. chersinellus.
“Big Trees, ” Calaveras County, California: it must be considered a species of the California Region, from the region of the Sierra Nevada.
The description is drawn from an authentic specimen. The figure is a fac-simile of that of Dall. This is given here because Mr. Dall as- sures me the figures I have formerly given do not represent the spe- cies.
Animal not observed.
88 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
VITRINA. (See below.) Vitrina Pfeifferi, Newcomes.
Shell moderately depressed, smooth, shining, pellucid, greenish-white; whorls 3, the last composing most of the Shell; suture very finely mar- Fic. 53. gined; aperture large, obliquely and roundedly ovate; lip
wee, thin, columella arched. Diameter 5™; axis, 2»™, (New- ee mb. V. Pfeifferi, comt ) enlarged.
Vitrina Pfeifferi, NEwcoms, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 92 (1861).— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 244, pl. iii, fig. 3 (1866).—W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh. i, 28, fig. 26 (1869): Terr. Moll., v, 138.
I have traced this species over all of California as far south as Fres- no County; in Nevada; Colorado; at St. George, Utah; at Fort Win- gate, New Mexico. It may therefore be said to inhabit both the Califor- nia Province and the Central Region. It is, as usual in the genus, found at high elevations.
Like V. limpida it is variable in color.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
The specimen figured is authentic.
The lingual membrane has over 50-1-50 teeth, with 10 perfect lat- erals on each side. I have figured a central and lateral (Plate II, Fig. A. Terr. Moll., V), and one extreme marginal.
LIMWAX. (See below.) Limax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper.
Similar to L. Sowerbii (of England), the back being strongly carinate even when fully extended, and higher than the front of the body ; mantle granulate-rugose, and with a groove, subelliptic in outline, above the level of the respiratory orifice, which is just behind the mid- dle; color blackish-brown or deep black above, the sides paler, the base of foot whitish. Length, 25 inches or less; height of body twice the width of foot.
Internal plate oblong-oval, + inch long. Gardens in San Francisco. In the remarkable groove on the €&, mantle it differs from the other spe-
cies described. This does not coin-
Jaman Hewstons, cide with the outline of the attached
portion of the mantle, or with the internal plate. It is sometimes scarcely visible. (Cooper.)
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 89
Limax Hewstoni, J. G. COOPER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1872, 147, pl. iii, fig. B, 1- 5.—W. G. Bryn., Terr. Moll., v, 150.
Jaw as usual in the genus.
Lingual membrane (Plate I, Fig. J. of Terr. Moll, V): the centrals and laterals are of the same type as in L. campestris, with this impor- tant-difference, that there is a well developed cutting point of the usual form (not the peculiar form, as in L. agrestis) to the inner subobsolete cusp of the laterals, and the inner lower lateral expansion of the base of attachment of the laterals is not suppressed as usual to make the laterals asymmetrical. From this it follows that the central teeth are with difficulty distinguished from the laterals, until the outer ones are - reached, when the inner cutting point and inner lower lateral expan- sion of the base of attachment are suppressed, as in the other species of Limax. The marginal teeth are not bifid. Teeth 30-1-30, with 14 perfect laterals. Fig. ¢ represents the very last marginal. As in the membranes of almost all species of land shells, there is considerable difference in the marginals on different portions of the same membrane. Those figured are the least slender. The specimens examined are from the State collection of California, presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper. This species, by the presence of the inner cutting point of the laterals and non-bifurcation of the marginals, resembles Limaxz (Amalia) gagates, as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., Plate XI), and Amalia marginata, as figured by Heynemann (I. c. Plate II, Fig. 7). Goldfuss also fig- ures the dentition of L. marginatus as the same. (Nat. Vereins der preuss. Rheinl. und West. Plate IV, Fig. 3.)
Dr. Cooper suggests its having been introduced from China or else- where, as he found it only in the city of San Francisco. So far as outward appearance goes, the species somewhat resembles Amalia marginata, Drap., as figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, Plate V, Fig. B). It is, however, by no means certain that it was introduced into San Francisco, as Mr. H. Hemphill has sent me specimens of an Amalia collected from Portland, Oreg., to San Tomes, Lower Califor- nia. His species had about 48 teeth in each row, 16 being laterals, the balance marginals; a difference of arrangement which may fairly be considered to show a specific difference between his specimens and the San Francisco form, though his discovery leads us to consider Amalia as native to California.
The oviduct of DL. Hewstoni islong and greatly convoluted. The pro- state is well developed. The vagina is very short; the very short
90 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS
duct of the genital bladder enters at about its middle. The last-named organ is large, globular. The penis sac is small, short, cylindrical, ex- panded, and bulbous at its apex, where the vas deferens enters. I could detect no accessory organs in the single specimen imperfectly examined (Plate XI, Fig. F, Terr. Moll., V). The genitalia are some- -what of the same type as those of Z. flavus, but the dentition of the latter is quite distinct (see below among locally introduced species). There is a still stronger resemblance to the genitalia of Amalia gagates as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., Plaie XI, Fig. 9), so far as the penis and genital bladder are concerned.
Family HELICID.
MICROPHYSA. (See below.) Microphysa Lansingi, BLAND.
Shell imperforate, orbicular-depressed, shining, dark horn-colored, smooth above, at the base substriate; suture impressed; whorls 54, rather convex, the last not descending, obsoletely angular at the periphery, more convex at the base, excavated around the umbilical region; aperture narrow, lunate; peristome acute, the right margin thickened within by an obsoletely denticulated lamella, columellar mar-
gin scarcely reflected. Greater diameter scarcely 3,
ee. lesser 24™™, height 13™™. (Bland.) Zonites Lansingi, BLAND, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist of N. Y. xi, 74, fig. 1,-2 (1875).
Microphysa Lansingi, W. G. BINN. T. M., v, 169.
In damp, moist places, among leaves. Astoria, Oreg., in the Oregonian Region. The aspect of the upper surface of the shell is very ) like that of Z. multidentatus. The original figure is here given. MicrophysaLansingt. Mr. Bland places the species in Zonites, but owing to the character of the jaw, I am inclined to consider it a Microphysa. One specimen of Lansingi, appearing to have the animal within it, was crushed between two glass slides, enabling me, without the use of potash, satisfactorily to observe the jaw and teeth remaining uninjured in the tissues of the animal. Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends scarcely attenuated, blunt; cutting margin without median projection; anterior surface with 14 broad, unequal, crowded, flat ribs, slightly denticulating either margin.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 91
The first impression given by Fic. 56.
the jaw is that it bears narrow separated ribs as in Bulimu- lus, Cylindrella, &c. A more careful study of it, however, shows the ribs to be very
broad, crowded, flat, with
A narrow interstices between © B them. ! Lingual membrane with IN D
17-1-17 teeth; 6 laterals on each side. Centrals (Fig. Jaw and teeth of M. Lansingi.
B) with the base of attachment longer than wide, the lower lateral
angles expanded; upper margin broadly reflected; reflection very short, tricuspid; side cusps decidedly developed, short, bearing distinct eutting points; median cusp long, slender, bulging at sides, reaching nearly to the lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects the long, distinet cutting point. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower angle of the base of attachment, and inner side cusp and cutting point. Mar- ginals (C) aculeate, their bases of attachment less sole-like than in Zonites, but more circular in outline. C shows these bases of at- tachment. D gives one marginal tooth in profile.
This is the first known instance of a species with ribs on its jaw hav- ing aculeate marginal teeth, or of a species furnished with Zonites-like shell having decided ribs upon the jaw. It will be difficult to find a place for the species under any description of genus or subfamily. The shell is that of Zonites, but that genus has a ribless jaw with median projection. It will be seen that its ribbed jaw and aculeate marginal teeth do not sustain my assertion that for the larger divis- ions these organs may be relied on as systematic characters. The result of my examination of this species was as unexpected as it is puzzling. It proves, however, that the development of the terrestrial mollusks has been too irregular to admit of our expressing it in any satisfactory system of classification.
Microphysa Stearmsi, BLAND.
It is larger, more elevated, and more distinctly striated than Micro- physa Lansingi, has 7 whorls, with rather wider and more rounded aper-
92 _ A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
ture, but without the lamella within the outer margin of the peristome. —
Fic. 57. The measurements are, greater diameter 4, lesser 33™™; height 24™™, Having before me a Single specimen, I am unwilling form- ally to describe the
species, which for the Microphysa Stearnsi.
Zonites Stearnsi (Bland).
Zonites Stearnsi, BLAND, Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., xi, 76, fig. 3 (1875).—W. G. BIN- NEY, Derr: Moll WsiS.)v5 128;
present I designate as
Astoria and Portland, Oreg.; Olympia, Wash. Ter.,; a species of the Oregonian Region, also found in Alaska by Mr, Dall. The original figure is given above.
The jaw is of the-same type as described under UM. Lansingi, with |
over 19 ribs.
The lingual membrane also is the same as in that species, with four laterals on each side of the central tooth. (See Bull. Mus. C. Z. V. No, 16, p. 335, Plate I, Fig. M N.) :
ARIOLIMAX, MOrcu.
Animal limaciform, blunt in front, pointed behind. Mantle anterior,
small, bluntly trun-
eated before and be- hind, free around its
Fig. 58.
edges, containing a well defined, solid, testaceous plate. A longitudinal furrow! along the sides above the foot. A distinct loco-
Ariolimax Columbianus, one-half natural size.
motive disk. Respiratory orifice at the posterior third of the mantle, with a cleft to its right margin. Anal orifice contiguous to the last, slightly below and behind it. Orifices of generation on the right of the body, below the anterior, free part of the mantle, distinct but contiguous (in A. Californicus, certainly), that of the male organ anterior. Tail furnished with a perpendicular, triangular mucus pore, with a horizontal mucus slit to the end of the tail. : Testaceous plate flat, thick, calcareous, simple, not spiral; longer than
wide, hexagonal.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 93
Inhabits the Pacific Province, on the Pacific coast of the United States, at least from latitude 34° to 49°, as far as now known not east- ward of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.
The genus has affinities with, but is readily distinguished from Limax, Arion, and Prophysaon. It agrees with Limax in having an internal shelly plate, in the position of its respiratory orifice and its distinct locomotive disk, but it differs in having a caudal mucus pore, a ribbed jaw, quadrate (not aculeate) marginal teeth on the lingual membrane, and in the position of its genital orifice. With Arion it agrees in having a mucus pore, a distinct locomotive disk, a ribbed jaw, in its lingual membrane, and position of the genital orifice; but it differs in the position of its respiratory orifice and its internal shell. With Prophysaon it agrees in having an internal shell, a ribbed jaw, in its lingual membrane; but differs in the position of the genital and respiratory orifices, in its distinct locomotive disk, and caudal mucus pore. From the other sluglike, or semi-sluglike American genera, Tebennophorus, Pallifera, Binneya, Hemphillia, Veronicella, it is most readily distinguished.
Jaw thick, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt; low, wide; anterior surface with numerous stout ribs, eae denticulating either margin. The number of ribs |
varies in the several species, and in different indi-
5 2 < a Jaw of Ariolimax viduals of the same species. Fig. 59, drawn from Columbianus.
the true northern A. Columbianus, has 18 ribs; another specimen, sup- posed to be the same species, has about 12. A. Californicus has given 13 and 14 ribs. A. niger has been described by Dr. Cooper with 20, but I found only 8 in one specimen which I refer to that species. In A. Hemphilli there are from 8 to 12; in A. Andersoni? there are 13 ribs.
Fig. 498 of p. 279, Land and Freshwater Shells N. A., I., gives the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual membrane. It is drawn from the true northern A. Columbianus. Its general arrange- ment is as in Patula. On Plate V, Fig. E, of Ter. Moll., V, I have given more detailed figures of the dentition of a specimen of this species. It will be seen that the central teeth have a base of attach- ment longer than wide, with expanded lower angles and incurved lower margin; the upper margin is reflected ; the reflection is large, broad, and has a short, stout median cusp, bearing along, stout cutting point; the side cusps of the reflection are subobsolete, but there are well-de-
94 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
veloped triangular cutting points. The laterals are like the centrals, |
but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower lateral expan- sion to the base of attachment, and the inner side cutting point, the inner side cusps being still subobsolete. The change from lateral to marginal teeth is shown in b and ¢, the inner cusps and cutting point being greatly developed, and the base of attachment is still narrower than in the first laterals. The marginals are shown ind ande. They are about as high as wide, the reflection equals the base of attachment and bears an extremely long, blunt, stout, oblique cutting point, with a side spur upon the last, in the extreme marginals developed into a short, stout, side cutting point. The cutting point of the marginals by its great development forms the chief’ characteristic of the mem- brane; it is well shown in profile.* There were 22 perfect laterals in this specimen. The figure referred to above shows only 12 laterals, with 113 rows of 56-1—-56 teeth each.
I have examined one specimen of Ariolimax niger, J. G. Cooper, pre- served in spirit, belonging to the State collection of California, labeled and presented by Dr. Cooper, and in all respects an authentic type.
nite a ik ee on
Agreeing with this type I have other specimens from various Califor- —
nia localities, so that I believe the species to be well established and generally distributed along the coast of California.
From the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy at Cambridge, Mr. An- thony has sent me a specimen, long preserved in alcohol, marked from San Mateo, California. For reasons given below, I am inclined to con- sider this the form described by Dr. Cooper as A. Californicus. I have had the opportunity of examining another specimen of this form, re- ceived from Dr. Stearns, who collected it near San Francisco. And recently I have examined specimens received from Dr. Cooper.
From Mr. Henry Hemphill I have received a specimen from San Mateo County, California, which presents most decided specific differ- ences from the last-mentioned form, especially in its genitalia. Hav- ing considered the last-mentioned form as A. Californicus, I was forced to consider this as A. Columbianus, the only remaining described species. I had not at that time compared it with specimens from more northern regions, whence the species was originally described, but I have now
* In only one instance have I seen marginal teeth as in my figure (of Plate V, Fig. F, d). In allother specimens examined the marginals are as figured in Plate V, Fig. E, e, with one long cusp and one obsolete side cusp,
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 5)
verified the identity of this form, having received it from the original locality.
In treating these various forms,* I have abstained from giving any description of their exterior markings. Such description would be un- reliable, as the specimens had been long preserved in alcohol,t and are evidently in various degrees of contraction. I will say, however, that I found in all the blind sac under the mouth (well marked, though not very deep), which is suspected by Dr. Leidy to be the seat of the ol- factory nerve.
I can also here refer to several external characters not affected or obliterated by contraction in alcohol. All the specimens have a dis- tinet locomotive disk to the foot. In all, the orifice of respiration is - decidedly posterior to the middle of the right margin of the mantle. The position of the anus I found in A. Columbianus to be posterior and inferior to the respiratory orifice, with a gutter-like groove to the edge of the mantle. The position of the orifice of the generative organs is not so easily decided in alcoholic specimens. I have no doubt, how- _ ever, that in the living animal it is under the mantle, not close behind the right tentacle. In one form, Ariolimax Californicus, there are be- yond doubt two distinct orifices; that of the male being smaller and anterior. In Dr. Cooper’s figure of A. Californicus (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, Plate III, Fig. D, 3) the two orifices are plainly shown, and suggested to me the identity of my specimens with his species, es- pecially as the external markings also agreed with his description. In A. Columbianus also there is no common duct or cloaca, as Dr. Leidy calls it, to the genitalia, though I could not detect more than one ex- terior orifice. In A. niger there can be but one common orifice, judg- ing from the penis entering into the common cloaca, as shown in Fig. I’, of Plate XII of T. M., V. The same may be said of A. Hemphillé and A. Andersoni ?
The mantle is free on its margin in its whole circumference, especially in front and on its sides as far back as the respiratory orifice. I could detect no concentric lines or other markings on the mantle. The mantle was greatly produced and swollen on its margins in Dr. Stearn’s speci- men of A. Californicus. In that and all the specimens examined I found an internal shell, varying somewhat in thickness, but always
*T have also examined A. Hemphilli, Hecocki, and A. Andersoni. Thus I have had opportunities of examining authentic specimens of all our species. t Since the above was written, I have received all the species alive.
96 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
well marked, calcareous, subhexagonal, longer than wide. In the specimen of A. Columbianus there were decided concentric lines of growth on the shell, as will be seen below in my figures, also in Ander- soni and Hemphill.
The caudal mucus pore was plainly visible in all the specimens of A. niger which I have examined. In Fig. 641 have